Stimulus-response characteristics of carotid baroreceptors in the rabbit

1982 ◽  
Vol 394 (S1) ◽  
pp. R53-R53 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Müller ◽  
W. Wiemer
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Carotid Baroreceptors

M-wave of proximal retina in cat

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1039-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Sieving ◽  
L. J. Frishman ◽  
R. H. Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Pattern Electroretinogram ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Stray Light ◽  
M Wave ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Small Spot ◽  
Dc Component

There has been relatively little known about responses from proximal retina in mammals that could contribute to the electroretinogram (ERG). Recently, there has been evidence that the proximal retina is involved in generating the pattern electroretinogram (PERG). In the present work we investigated proximal retinal activity in the intact cat eye during light adaptation. Extracellular potentials evoked in response to circular spots of light, flashed on steady backgrounds, were recorded with microelectrodes placed intraretinally at different depths. Prominent negative responses were found in proximal retina that could be identified as the M-wave previously observed only in cold-blooded retinas. Like the cold-blooded responses, the cat's M-wave consisted of negative-going potentials at stimulus onset and offset that were maximum in amplitude with small spots. By analogy to the cold-blooded data, the cat M-wave is presumed to be the extracellular voltage arising from Muller cell responses to K+ released by proximal retinal neurons. In addition, the cat M-wave only appeared with backgrounds at and above rod saturation and had short latencies (30 ms) at stimulus onset and offset, indicating that it is a cone-driven response. The M-wave could be clearly distinguished from PII (b-wave and DC component) on the basis of its form, depth distribution, and stimulus-response characteristics. For example, photopic PII had its maximum voltage in the distal retinal at 55% retinal depth, whereas the M-wave was maximal in the proximal retina at 25% retinal depth. Also, PII simply increased in amplitude as stimulus spots were enlarged, whereas the M-wave exhibited spatial tuning. Under light-adapted conditions and with small-spot stimuli the M-wave is the largest extracellular voltage in cat retina. By recording the vitreal ERG near the retinal surface with the microelectrode referenced to a silver wire in the vitreous, we found that the M-wave in response to a small spot always had a negative polarity in the vitreous. Thus, unlike PII, the M-wave does not reverse polarity at the vitreo-retinal border. Because of stray-light effects, however, we were not able to assess the amplitude of the M-wave's contribution to the ERG obtained with diffuse retinal illumination. We conclude that the M-wave is present in the cat as a prominent cone-driven response of proximal retina that is separate from the b-wave, and whose significance for electroretinographic recordings remains to be determined.

Autonomic response characteristics of porcine airway smooth muscle in vivo

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1176-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Leff ◽  
N. M. Munoz ◽  
J. Tallet ◽  
A. C. David ◽  
M. A. Cavigelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Dynamic Compliance ◽  
Autonomic Response ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Adrenergic Blockade ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Response Characteristics

We studied the autonomic response characteristics of airways in 65 swine in vivo. Tracheal smooth muscle response was measured isometrically in situ; bronchial response was measured simultaneously as change in airway resistance and dynamic compliance. To determine the optimal resting length at which maximal tracheal contraction was obtained, length-tension studies were generated in four animals using maximal electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves determined from stimulus-response characteristics in eight other swine. Pharmacological studies were performed in 25 animals to determine the relative potency and intrinsic activity of agonists (acetylcholine greater than histamine much greater than norepinephrine) causing contraction of trachea and bronchial airways. In 13 swine, the effects of autonomic stimulation were studied by intravenous administration of dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) after muscarinic blockade with 1.5 mg/kg iv atropine. Tracheal contraction caused by topical application of 3.4 X 10(-4) mol histamine (13.4 +/- 1.54 g/cm) was 96 +/- 7.2% blocked by 25 micrograms/kg iv DMPP in adrenal-intact animals; minimal relaxation was demonstrated in adrenalectomized animals, indicating absence of substantial sympathetic innervation to porcine trachea. Nonadrenergic innervation was not demonstrated. After beta-adrenergic blockade, sympathetic stimulation caused alpha-adrenergic contraction in bronchial airways but not in trachea. These data define the unique response characteristics of the airways of swine and demonstrate their utility for acute experimental study of airway responses in vivo.

Stimulus-response characteristics of vagal and non-vagal mesenteric afferents from the rat jejunum

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A710-A710
Author(s):  
C BOOTH ◽  
A KIRKUP ◽  
G HICKS ◽  
P HUMPHREY ◽  
D GRUNDY
Keyword(s):  
Rat Jejunum ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Response Characteristics

Is There a Sex Difference With Aging In Stimulus-Response Characteristics of The Lower Limb?

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Hamidollah Hassanlouei ◽  
Christopher W. Sundberg ◽  
Andrew Kuplic ◽  
Sandra K. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Response Characteristics

Response Characteristics of Carotid Baroreceptors to Steady Pressure

1974 ◽  
pp. 77-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Wiemer ◽  
Dieter Kaack ◽  
Paul Kezdi ◽  
Christian Brügge ◽  
Matthew Zmijewski
Keyword(s):  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Steady Pressure ◽  
Carotid Baroreceptors

Noninvasive recording and response characteristics of the rat dc-electroretinogram

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEAL S. PEACHEY ◽  
J. BRETT STANTON ◽  
ALAN D. MARMORSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Light Exposure ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Active Electrode ◽  
Slow Potential ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Response Characteristics

In response to light, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) generates a series of potentials that can be recorded using the dc-electroretinogram (dc-ERG). As these potentials can be related to specific cellular events, they provide information about RPE function and how that may be altered by disease or experimental manipulation. The purposes of the present study were to define a noninvasive means for recording the rat dc-ERG, to use this to define the stimulus–response properties of the major components, and to relate these results to measures of the rat electrooculogram (EOG). Parallel studies were conducted in two strains of rats (Long-Evans, LE; Sprague-Dawley, SD) that are commonly used in vision research. Rats were sedated with ketamine/xylazine and placed on a heating pad. Ag/AgCl wire electrodes were bridged with capillary tubes filled with Hanks balanced salt solution. The active electrode was placed in contact with the corneal surface and referenced to a second electrode placed within the orbit. The dc-ERG signal was amplified (dc-100 Hz), digitized, and stored offline. The duration of full-field flash stimuli was controlled using a mechanical shutter and flash luminance was controlled with neutral density filters. EOGs were recorded using subdermal platinum needle electrodes placed near the eye. In response to a 5-min light exposure, the dc-ERG of LE and SD rats included a distinct b-wave, after potential, c-wave, fast oscillation, and a slow potential of positive polarity the characteristics of which are consistent with a light peak.

A Study of Interocular Transfer of Spatial Adaptation

Perception ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roald A Bjørklund ◽  
Svein Magnussen
Keyword(s):  
Interocular Transfer ◽  
Threshold Elevation ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Adaptation Time ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Spatial Adaptation ◽  
Decay Times ◽  
Comparable Magnitude

The threshold-elevation aftereffect was measured ipsiocularly and interocularly following grating adaptation of one eye. The functions relating aftereffect magnitude to adapting contrast and adaptation time were similar under the two testing conditions, with interocular transfer remaining fairly constant; decay times were similar for ipsiocular and interocular aftereffects of comparable magnitude, and their frequency selectivities were the same. It is concluded that the stimulus-response characteristics of monocular and binocular spatial channels are fundamentally similar.

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