Chemical and physical characteristics of soap made from distilled fatty acids of palm oil and palm kernel oil

1996 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainie Kuntom ◽  
Hamirin Kifli ◽  
Peang-Kean Lim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

scholarly journals Trans-free fats with the products of the oil palm − a selective review

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 174-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.G. Berger
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Trans Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Partial Hydrogenation ◽  
Solid Fat ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

The results of nutritional research on fatty acids have led to the recommendation that the level of trans-fatty acids in foods (the products of partial hydrogenation of oils) should be reduced as far as possible. Palm oil and palm kernel oil are readily available and economical sources of solid fat. Formulae using oils to make fats for the main types of food products are reviewed.

Kinetics Studies of Epoxidation and Oxirane Cleavage-Epoxidized Palm Kernel Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-240
Author(s):  
Mohd Jumain Jalil ◽  
Aliff Farhan Mohd Yamin ◽  
Mohd Saufi Md Zaini ◽  
Veronique Gloria V. Siduru ◽  
Norhashimah Morad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Reference Material ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Simulation Data ◽  
Kinetic Rate ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kinetics Studies ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Oxirane Cleavage

Background: Studies pertaining to the epoxidation of fatty acids, garnered much interest in recent years due to the rising demand of eco-friendly epoxides derived from vegetable oils. Methods: Epoxide is an important chemical precursor for the production of alcohols, glycols and polymers, like polyesters and epoxy resin. Epoxidation is the name given to the reaction when the double bonds are converted into epoxide. Results: Temperature at 55oC was used as a reference material in the epoxide process, as it produces a high yield epoxide being 88%. The kinetic rate of epoxidized palm kernel oil, k was obtained to be k11= 0.5125, k12= 0.05045, k21= 0.03185, k41= 0.01 and k51= 0.01243. Conclusion: Hence, by fitting the result with the experimental work and simulation, the summation of error being stimulated by I-sight simulation was 0.731116428 and the correlation between the experimental and simulation data was 0.925544.

Preparation of ethanol and palm oil/palm kernel oil alternative biofuels based on property improvement and particle size analysis

Fuel ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 305 ◽  
pp. 121569
Author(s):  
Chao Jin ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Tianyun Sun ◽  
Jeffrey Dankwa Ampah ◽  
Zhenlong Geng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Pasiecznik
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Oil Palms ◽  
African Oil Palm

Abstract E. guineensis, the oil palm or African oil palm, is native to equatorial Africa, although the only other species in the genus (E. oleifera) is indigenous to South and Central America. E. guineensis, however, is the major economic species: fruits of E. oleifera have a much lower oil content and are used only locally (Westphal and Jansen, 1989). However, E. guineensis was introduced into South America during the time of the slave trade, and naturalized groves are reported in coastal areas of Brazil near Bélem. In the mid-1800s it was introduced to South-East Asia via the Botanic Gardens in Bogor, Indonesia. The first oil-palm estates in Sumatra (since 1911) and Malaysia (since 1917) used plant material from second- and third-generation descendants of the original Bogor palms, from which one of the breeding populations, the Deli Dura, is derived (Westphal and Jansen, 1989). After soyabean, E. guineensis is the second most important crop worldwide for the supply of edible vegetable oil. Palm oil kernel, for example, is a major agricultural export from Malaysia, and South-East Asia is the main area of production.E. guineensis yields two types of oil: palm oil from the fleshy mesocarp, and palm-kernel oil from the kernel, in a volume ratio 10:1. Most palm oil is used in food preparation (margarines, and industrial frying oils used to prepare snack foods, etc.). Palm-kernel oil is similar in composition and properties to coconut oil, and is used in confectionery, where its higher melting point is particularly useful. It is also used in the manufacture of lubricants, plastics, cosmetics and soaps. The oil palm is a monoecious, erect, single-stemmed tree usually 20-30 m high. The root system is shallow and adventitious, forming a dense mat in the top 35 cm of the soil. The main stem is cylindrical, up to 75 cm diameter. E. guineensis palm fronds are not as suitable for thatching as other palm species, as the leaflets attach to the rachis at two angles. The oil palm is indigenous to the lowland humid tropics, and thrives on a good moisture supply and relatively open conditions. It can tolerate fluctuating water-tables with periods of standing water, although continuously flooded conditions are unsuitable. Sites often selected as suitable for oil palm are swamps, riverbanks, or sites considered too moist for tropical rain forest trees. Rainfall is often the major factor limiting production in plantations: highest yields occur where rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, with an optimum of 150 mm per month (Westphal and Jansen, 1989). Oil palms can grow on a variety of soil types, from sandy soils to lateritic red and yellow podzols, young volcanic soils, alluvial clays and peat soils; water-holding capacity appears to be the most important soil criterion. It is a demanding crop in terms of soil nutrients. The oil palm also has potential for incorporation into agroforestry practices. Traditional oil palm management in some areas of West Africa often incorporated both pure oil palm groves (perhaps selectively retained), scattered oil palms within temporary fields, and unexploited oil palms in mixed forest (Gupta, 1993). Harvesting of fruits usually starts about 2½ years after field planting; bunches ripen throughout the year and so harvesting usually takes place at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks in any particular area. Because oil palm is so responsive to environmental conditions, yields may vary greatly. However, over the lifetime of a palm tree, yields generally rise to a maximum in the first 6-8 years (after field planting), and will subsequently decline slowly. In Malaysia and Sumatra, well-managed plantations yield between 24 and 32 tonnes/hectare of fruit bunches; the oil yield from this will be between 4.8 and 7 tonnes/hectare. Oil palm plantations are often regarded as a better use of the land than annual food crops in humid tropical areas where soils are prone to leaching: the plantations provide continuous ground cover, and the palm canopy helps protect against soil erosion. Oil palm stems are increasingly used as a raw material for paper and composite board production. This area has big prospects in wood-based industries. It is recommended that more research is undertaken into the properties and utilization. Propagation techniques, the management of pests and diseases, and genetic resources are other areas in which studies could usefully be undertaken.

scholarly journals Phytoremediation of Spent Oil and Palm Kernel Sludge Contaminated Soil Using Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) L

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 877-885
Author(s):  
A.J. Odebode ◽  
K.L. Njoku ◽  
A.A. Adesuyi ◽  
M.O. Akinola
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Spent Engine Oil ◽  
And Control

This study was carried out to investigate the phytotoxicity of spent engine oil and palm kernel sludge on seed germination, seedling early growth and survival of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) and its phytoremediating potential. 8.0 kg topsoil mixed with 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% (w/v) of spent engine oil and palm kernel sludge, while the control was not mixed with spent oil and sludge (0%). The seeds were sown on these soils and monitored daily. Parameters taken were; plant height, leaf number and stem girth. The result showed that spent engine oil treated plants adversely affected growth compared to palm kernel sludge plants and control which performed better. For plant height, the mean stem girth for control at 2nd week was 0.40±0.05 mm, spent engine oil was 5.96±0.97 palm kernel oil effluent was 14.73±1.16 and at 12th week, control was 1.30±0.05 while for SEO the plant had withered and 124.6±9.02 for POE. Number of leaves at the 12th week was 26.00±2.08 in the control, 8.66±0.66, for spent engine oil at 4%, while for palm oil effluent it was 27.66±0.66, at 4%, concentration respectively. Stem girth at 2 weeks for spent engine oil was 0.19±0.05 at 2%, 0.43±0.03 for palm kernel oil effluent and at the 12th week of planting at 10% concentration was 1.63±0.08 for palm kernel oil effluent, and all plants had withered off for spent engine oil at same concentration at the 12th week. Also, spent engine oil at all concentrations delayed the germination of Helianthus annuus by 2days compared to control. Comparison analysis test showed that growth in untreated plants were significantly higher (p>0.05) than spent oil and palm kernel sludge treated plants. Similar result was observed for leaf number and stem girth which had higher mean value in palm kernel sludge and control compared to spent oil. Sunflower grown in 8% and 10% palm kernel sludge contaminated soil also flowered eight days earlier than control plants, while spent oil treated plant did not. The result shows that sunflower cannot tolerate high (4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) concentrations of spent engine oil in soil compared to palm oil effluent. Therefore, spent engine oil should be properly disposed because of its adverse effect on the growth and yield of sunflower.

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