About the relationship between acoustic fields and hydrological fields in the area of a mesoscale eddy in the Black Sea

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
O. P. Andrianova ◽  
A. V. Kholoptsev
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Mesoscale Eddy ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Acoustic Fields ◽  
Hydrological Fields ◽  
The Relationship

Influence of Currents and Atmospheric Circulation on the Efficiency of European Anchovy Fishing during its Wintering off the Black Sea Coast of the Krasnodar Territory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Panov ◽  
E. O. Spiridonova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Mesoscale Eddy ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Short Term ◽  
European Anchovy ◽  
The North ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast

Russian fishermen harvest European anchovy primarily off the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory during its wintering and wintering migrations. At wintering grounds, temperature conditions become a secondary factor in determining the behaviour of commercial concentration of European anchovy, with wind and currents being the primary factors. Therefore, the aim of this work is to determine the potential use of daily data on water circulation and local atmospheric transport in short-term (1–7 days) forecasting of European anchovy fishing in the Black Sea. The research used the European anchovy fishery monitoring materials for January – March 2019, as well as daily maps of the Black and Azov Seas level anomalies (from satellite altimetry data) and surface atmospheric pressure and temperature in Europe (analysis) for the mentioned period. The dynamics of the catch rate and its relation to altimetry and atmospheric transport indicators in the north-eastern part of the Black Sea were investigated using graphical and correlation methods. This analysis showed that the main factor contributing to increased catches is intensification of northwest currents in the coastal 60-km zone. The effect of atmospheric transport on fishing efficiency depends on the mesoscale eddy structure of the nearshore current field. In the presence of an intense northwest current in the fishing area, southwest atmospheric transports have a positive effect on fishing, while in the presence of an anticyclonic meander of currents, northeast atmospheric transports become effective. The presence of maximum significant relationships when the determinants of fishing performance are shifted by 1–7 days allows making short-term predictions of fishing efficiency.

The construction of Xerxes' bridge over the Hellespont

1996 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 88-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.G.L. Hammond ◽  
L.J. Roseman
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Engineer ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Classical Scholar ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Relationship

The bridging of the Hellespont by Xerxes was a unique achievement. How was it done? The Chorus of Elders in Aeschylus' Persians expressed their wonder at ‘the flax-bound raft’, and Herodotus described the construction of the two bridges, each with warships as pontoons, with cables well over a kilometre long, and with a roadway capable of carrying a huge army. Classical scholars have generally found these accounts inadequate and even inexplicable, especially in regard to the relationship between the pontoons and the cables. The Hellespont has strong currents which vary in their direction, turbulent and often stormy waters, and exposure to violent winds, blowing sometimes from the Black Sea and sometimes from the Mediterranean. How were the warships moored in order to face the currents and withstand the gales? Did the warships form a continuous platform, or was each ship free to move in response to weather conditions? What was the function of the enormous cables? How and where were they made? Did they bind the pontoons together? Did they carry the roadway? How were they fixed at the landward ends? This article attempts an answer to these questions through the collaboration of a classical scholar and a mechanical engineer.

IVAN MIKHAILOVICH OVCHINNIKOV (1931–2000). TO THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF THE OCEAN SCIENTIST

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-189
Author(s):  
A. G. Zatsepin ◽  
R. D. Kosyan ◽  
S. B. Kuklev ◽  
I. Y. Gertman ◽  
N. I. Kuzevanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Ussr Academy ◽  
Mesoscale Eddy ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Research Station ◽  
90Th Anniversary ◽  
Life Path ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

This article is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Ivan Mikhailovich Ovchinnikov (1931– 2000) – Doctor of Geographical Sciences, former Director of the Black Sea Experimental Research Station (CHENIS) Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, a remarkable scientist-oceanographer, researcher of the Equatorial counterflow, mesoscale eddy, hydrological conditions of the Mediterranean Sea. The article reflects the life path of I.M. Ovchinnikov and his main achievements in Russian oceanology.

Let whose people go? Subjecthood, sovereignty, liberation, and legalism in eighteenth-century Russo-Ottoman relations

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Release Processes

This article considers the relationship between law, diplomacy, and identity in delineating slavery and freedom in the Black Sea imperial milieu. Examining the release processes for captives which followed each of the many wars between the Ottoman and Russian empires in the eighteenth century, I argue that these matters were increasingly handled according to written and unwritten legal understandings, rather than through ransoms or threats. The two empires agreed that the Ottoman state would set free enslaved Russian subjects, even those in private hands, but also that the Russians would not demand the release of others. This discussion, therefore, offers a window on the legalization of international relations, and on the growing importance of individuals’ relationship with central states. Moreover, these understandings endured, consciously or unconsciously, into the nineteenth century, arguably shaping Russo-Ottoman and Ottoman-European relations on issues of intervention and the slave trade.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability of the Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Black Sea Inner Basin

Oceans ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-273
Author(s):  
Svetla Miladinova ◽  
Adolf Stips ◽  
Diego Macias Moy ◽  
Elisa Garcia-Gorriz
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Phytoplankton Bloom ◽  
Mesoscale Eddy ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Geochemical Model ◽  
Annual Variability ◽  
Intermediate Layers

We explore the patterns of Black Sea phytoplankton growth as driven by the thermohaline structure and circulation system and the freshwater nutrient loads. Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the phytoplankton blooms is examined using hydrodynamic simulations that resolve mesoscale eddies and online coupled bio-geochemical model. This study suggests that the bloom seasonality is homogeneous across geographic locations of the Black Sea inner basin, with the strongest bloom occurring in winter (February–March), followed by weaker bloom in spring (April–May), summer deep biomass maximum (DBM) (June–September) and a final bloom in autumn (October–November). The winter phytoplankton bloom relies on vertical mixing of nitrate from the intermediate layers, where nitrate is abundant. The winter bloom is highly dependent on the strength of the cold intermediate layers (CIL), while spring/summer blooms take advantage of the CIL weakness. The maximum phytoplankton transport across the North Western Shelf (NWS) break occurs in September, prior to the basin interior autumn bloom. Bloom initiation in early autumn is associated with the spreading of NWS waters, which in turn is caused by an increase in mesoscale eddy activity in late summer months. In summary, the intrusion of low salinity and nitrate-rich water into the basin interior triggers erosion of the thermocline, resulting in vertical nitrate uplifting. The seasonal phytoplankton succession is strongly influenced by the recent CIL disintegration and amplification of the Black Sea circulation, which may alter the natural Black Sea nitrate dynamics, with subsequent effects on phytoplankton and in turn on all marine life.

scholarly journals GREEN KUBAN IN DAYS OF THE CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA

2017 ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
S. M. Sivkov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Penal Policy ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vivid Description

In a review of military memoirs, I. G., Savchenko a brief description of the work, its relevance, reveals the controversial biography of the author of the memoirs, explains the importance of memories to the modern reader. The main events of memories takes place in the Kuban and black sea in 1920. The author of the memoir failed to disclose the difficult contradictions between the peasants of the black sea and Kuban Cossacks. Reveals position of a number of leaders polanskogo movement on relationships with General P. N. Wrangel and the Menshevik Georgia. Indicated the position of the leaders of the Kuban of the Bolsheviks in relation to military experts. Savchenko, in his memoirs touched on this little-known story of the civil war, how the relationship of red and green. Celebrated and complex relationship between the Kuban Rada and the General command of the Armed forces of South Russia. The book is a vivid description of the events of the era of the civil war in the Kuban and black sea coast. The author was able to objectively evaluate the changes that occurred in the camp of the red in three years of Civil war, including those associated with changes in the field of penal policy. However, in General, felt his negative attitude to the new government, the hope for her downfall in the next few years.

scholarly journals The Relations Between Transylvanian Saxons and Baltic Germans During the 1920s

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-98
Author(s):  
Vasile Ciobanu
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Cultural Networks ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the Saxons and the German Balts has been already investigated, but the available archival material, however, allows me to deepen the problem of cultural relations between the two German minorities. This relationship has taken both an institutional and a personal form. The first form involved cooperation between clubs, societies and editors of publications, while the second consisted of direct contact between cultured people. The two kinds of cooperation have created in the 1920s a network of mental relations based on the solidarity of all Germans living abroad. A special contribution in the establishment of these relations was brought forth by the Cultural Office of the Germans in Greater Romania, founded in 1922 in Sibiu by Richard Csaki, and by the “Ostland” magazine, which was also published in Sibiu starting with 1926. Csaki and others worked in the field of cultural policy together with representatives of the German Balts such as Ewal Ammende, Werner Hasselblatt, Axel de Vries or Max von Ravick. This article investigates these bonds as part of the wider frame of German cultural networks operating in-between the Baltic and the Black sea.

scholarly journals Reconciling Conflicting Interests of Coastal and Riparian States: The Hard Case of Black Sea Straits

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Jetta Abgaryan ◽  
George Chakhvadze ◽  
Levan Jakeli ◽  
Jānis Grasis
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
International Maritime Organisation ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Sea Straits ◽  
The Relationship

There are two basic understandings of the regime of the Black Sea straits: the Black Sea straits as a legal regime and the Black Sea straits as a political regime [1]. The legal assessment of the Black Sea Straits regime requires determining what the existing regulation of the Straits is, how open the Straits are to international navigation, and if closed, whether there are real legal grounds for closing straits while the reference to the Black Sea Straits as a political regime allows for the possibility that straits may be closed for ensuring the security of Turkey and the Black Sea riparian states [1]. It is worth noting that arguments advanced by international legal scientists on the Black Sea straits as legal regime fundamentally differ from each other. Some scientists consider the Montreux Convention to be a major problem in the legal regulation of the Black Sea straits. They consider it necessary for Turkey to recognise the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea as a legally binding treaty [2]. Others argue that the main problem in regulating the Black Sea straits is the unilateral regulations adopted by Turkey (1994, 1998 and 2003 Regulations), which, in their view, violate the basic norms of the Montreux Convention, especially the regime of free passage through the straits established by this Convention [3; 4]. Another group of scientists believes that although the regime of the Black Sea straits is significantly restricted by Turkish unilateral regulations, these acts are aimed at protecting the marine environment and safety, and, therefore, the Turkish policy of regulating the Black Sea Straits is legally justified [1; 5]. This article is dedicated to the international legal regulation of navigation in the Black Sea Straits. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the current regime of the Black Sea Straits, the relationship and differences between the regime established by the Montreux Convention and the unilateral acts adopted by Turkey on the regulation of traffic in the Black Sea Straits, and to answer the question whether the urgent need to protect the natural environment and maritime safety entitles Turkey to restrict the regime established by the Montreux Convention. Thus, special attention will be drawn to the Montreux Convention, the rules and recommendations adopted by the International Maritime Organisation and the case law of international courts. In the view of the authors, the environmental and safety arguments put forward by Turkey for restricting navigation through the Black Sea Straits have two conceptual dimensions. First, these arguments are acceptable when it comes either to introducing norms related to the movement of ships to ensure safety of navigation or providing an obligation of notification to the Turkish authorities [6]. Another important thesis advanced by this article is that in each particular case, the regulations adopted by Turkey should be interpreted in the light of the recommendations made by the International Maritime Organisation. The main rationale of this argument is that under the existing regulations, Turkish authorities can still suspend the movement of ships in the straits for various reasons, some of which are quite vague. However, the article showcases that Turkey can, in case of pressing environmental need, when there is an urgent interest in the protection of the natural environment, act with the motive of protecting the natural environment, regardless of whether this action derives from a particular international treaty.

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