Interactions between the serotoninergic and noradrenergic systems of the brain and their role in the regulation of animal behavior

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Semenova ◽  
M. K. Tiku
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Serotoninergic And Noradrenergic Systems ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of Several Neurotransmitters in PFC-NAc-VTA Neural Circuit for the Anti-Depression Effect of Shuganheweitang in a Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2110024
Author(s):  
Xin Chen ◽  
Yuanchun Ma ◽  
Xiongjun Mou ◽  
Hao Liu ◽  
Hao Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Depression Effect ◽  
Monoamine Neurotransmitters ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Brain

Depression, a major worldwide mental disorder, leads to massive disability and can result in death. The PFC-NAc-VTA neuro circuit is related to emotional, neurovegetative, and cognitive functions, which emerge as a circuit-level framework for understanding reward deficits in depression. Neurotransmitters, which are widely distributed in different brain regions, are important detected targets for the evaluation of depression. Shuganheweitang (SGHWT) is a popular prescription in clinical therapy for depression. In order to investigate its possible pharmacodynamics and anti-depressive mechanism, the complex plant material was separated into different fractions. These in low and high doses, along with low and high doses of SGHWT were tested in animal behavior tests. The low and high doses of SGHWT were more effective than the various fractions, which indicate the importance of synergistic function in traditional Chinese medicine. Furthermore, amino acid (GABA, Glu) and monoamine neurotransmitters (DA, 5-HT, NA, 5-HIAA) in the PFC-NAc-VTA neuro circuit were investigated by UPLC-MS/MS. The level trend of DA and 5-HT were consistent in the PFC-NAc-VTA neuro circuit, whereas 5-HIAA was decreased in the PFC, Glu was decreased in the PFC and VTA, and NA and GABA were decreased in the NAc. The results indicate that the pathogenesis of depression is associated with dysfunction of the PFC-NAc-VTA neural circuit, mainly through the neural projection effects of neurotransmitters associated with various brain regions in the neural circuit. PCA and OPLS-DA score plots demonstrated the similarities of individuals within each group and the differences among the groups. In this study, SGHWT could regulate the concentration level of different neurotransmitters in the PFC-NAc-VTA neuro circuit to improve the depression, which benefitted from the recognition of the brain reward circuitry in mood disorders.

Minds and brains: angels, humans, and brutes

1982 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-315
Author(s):  
Mortimer J. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Conceptual Thought ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ In his 1982 Cushing oration, a distinguished philosopher, author, and discerning critic presents a distillate of his phenomenally wide range of personal experience and his familiarity with the great books and teachers of the present and the past. He explores the differences and relationships between human beings, brute animals, and machines. Knowledge of the brain and nervous system contribute to the explanation of all aspects of animal behavior, intelligence, and mentality, but cannot completely explain human conceptual thought.

scholarly journals How Intelligence is Understood Today

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Rustam Khasanov
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Adaptive Abilities

The article is devoted to understanding the ways of explaining intellectual abilities in the light of new developments in the field of artificial intelligence and discoveries related to the study of complex adaptive animal behavior based on the reward system. The paper reviews the latest advances in the development of biologically plausible learning algorithms, the purpose of which is to explain the large amount of accumulated data from the field of neuroscience. Within the framework of this approach, reinforcement learning algorithms are proposed as the basis for any kind of cognitive activity. Understanding intelligence as a set of flexible adaptive abilities to achieve a goal provides a new conceptual framework for explaining how the brain works at a functional level. The formation of forecasts for the future, the construction of time steps and the existence of an internal assessment system in such systems is psychologically and biologically plausible and can potentially become a new milestone in the study of intelligence.

scholarly journals Working Models and the Synthetic Method

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-34
Author(s):  
Peter Asaro
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Synthetic Method ◽  
Combined Approach ◽  
Working Models ◽  
Brain Sciences ◽  
Brain Models ◽  
Material Power ◽  
The Brain

This article examines the construction of electronic brain models in the 1940s as an instance of “working models” in science. It argues that the best way to understand the scientific role of these synthetic brains is through combining aspects of the “models as mediators” approach (Morgan and Morrison, 1999) and the “synthetic method” (Cordeschi, 2002). Taken together these approaches allow a fuller understanding of how working models functioned within the brain sciences of the time. This combined approach to understanding models is applied to an investigation of two electronic brains built in the late 1940s, the Homeostat of W. Ross Ashby, and the Tortoise of W. Grey Walter. It also examines the writings of Ashby, a psychiatrist and leading proponent of the synthetic brain models, and Walter, a brain electro-physiologist, and their ideas on the pragmatic values of such models. I conclude that rather than mere toys or publicity stunts, these electronic brains are best understood by considering the roles they played as mediators between disparate theories of brain function and animal behavior, and their combined metaphorical and material power.

scholarly journals A microfluidic-induced C. elegans sleep state

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Gonzales ◽  
Jasmine Zhou ◽  
Bo Fan ◽  
Jacob T. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Quiescent State ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Sensory Pathways ◽  
Simultaneous Control ◽  
Behavioral Requirements ◽  
Microfluidic Chambers ◽  
The Brain

Abstract An important feature of animal behavior is the ability to switch rapidly between activity states, however, how the brain regulates these spontaneous transitions based on the animal’s perceived environment is not well understood. Here we show a C. elegans sleep-like state on a scalable platform that enables simultaneous control of multiple environmental factors including temperature, mechanical stress, and food availability. This brief quiescent state, which we refer to as microfluidic-induced sleep, occurs spontaneously in microfluidic chambers, which allows us to track animal movement and perform whole-brain imaging. With these capabilities, we establish that microfluidic-induced sleep meets the behavioral requirements of C. elegans sleep and depends on multiple factors, such as satiety and temperature. Additionally, we show that C. elegans sleep can be induced through mechanosensory pathways. Together, these results establish a model system for studying how animals process multiple sensory pathways to regulate behavioral states.

scholarly journals Microglia remodel the synaptic signaling required for context-dependent cognitive performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Socodato ◽  
Tiago O. Almeida ◽  
Camila C. Portugal ◽  
Evelyn C. S. Santos ◽  
Joana Tedim-Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Gene Targeting ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Synaptic Remodeling ◽  
Conditional Gene Targeting ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Microglia modulate synaptic activity, essential for context-dependent cognitive performance, allowing organism-level adaptations to different environmental scenarios. Yet, the microglial molecular drivers required for synaptic remodeling related to cognitive performance remain largely elusive. Here, combining conditional gene targeting, single-cell live imaging, RNA-seq, high-throughput proteomics, systems biology, and animal behavior, we mapped a molecular nexus between microglia and synapses that instruct cognitive performance. Specifically, we found that microglia use the RhoGTPase Rac1 as a relay switch to sense the brain microenvironment and drive synaptic remodeling required for experience-dependent sociability and learning related to memory. Targeting this microglial relay modifies context-dependent cognitive performance.

Vagueness and the Evolution of Consciousness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tye
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Complex I ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Fundamental Feature ◽  
Borderline Cases ◽  
Evolution Of Consciousness ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

Either consciousness appeared suddenly in living beings so that its appearance is like that of a light switch being turned on or it arose through intermediate stages. On the former view, consciousness is an on/off matter, but once it arose, it became richer and richer through time rather as a beam of light may become brighter and broader in its sweep. On the latter view, consciousness is not an on/off matter. There are shades of gray. Consciousness arose gradually just as life did, becoming richer through time as animal brains became more complex. I argue that both these views encounter insuperable difficulties and thus that a kind of paradox arises. The way out of the paradox is to accept that the various species of consciousness are vague, admitting of borderline cases, and are to be accounted for within a representationalist view of conscious states but that consciousness itself, or rather a central element of consciousness I call “consciousness*”, is sharp. Consciousness*, I claim, is a fundamental feature of micro-reality, and thus it did not evolve, unlike conscious states. The view with which I end up presents novel solutions to three important problems (of undirected consciousness, of combination, and of tiny, psychological subjects). It also takes up the question of how consciousness can be causally efficacious with respect to animal behavior. The final chapter of the book turns to the question of where in the brain macro-consciousness is located and which animal brains so evolved as to support conscious states.

scholarly journals The neuropeptide Drosulfakinin regulates social isolation-induced aggression in Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavan Agrawal ◽  
Damian Kao ◽  
Phuong Chung ◽  
Loren L. Looger
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Sequence Read Archive ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTSocial isolation strongly modulates behavior across the animal kingdom. We utilized the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to study social isolation-driven changes in animal behavior and gene expression in the brain. RNA-seq identified several head-expressed genes strongly responding to social isolation or enrichment. Of particular interest, social isolation downregulated expression of the gene encoding the neuropeptide Drosulfakinin (Dsk), the homologue of vertebrate cholecystokinin (CCK), which is critical for many mammalian social behaviors. Dsk knockdown significantly increased social isolation-induced aggression. Genetic activation or silencing of Dsk neurons each similarly increased isolation-driven aggression. Our results suggest a U-shaped dependence of social isolation-induced aggressive behavior on Dsk signaling, similar to the actions of many neuromodulators in other contexts.Data availabilityThe raw sequence data from RNA-seq experiments has been deposited into the Sequence Read Archive (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra) with accession number: PRJNA481582. Supplementary files and figures accompany this article.

scholarly journals Distinct subpopulations of mechanosensory chordotonal organ neurons elicit grooming of the fruit fly antennae

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Hampel ◽  
Katharina Eichler ◽  
Daichi Yamada ◽  
Davi D Bock ◽  
Azusa Kamikouchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Chordotonal Organ ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Physiological Diversity ◽  
Mechanosensory Neurons ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Diverse mechanosensory neurons detect different mechanical forces that can impact animal behavior. Yet our understanding of the anatomical and physiological diversity of these neurons and the behaviors that they influence is limited. We previously discovered that grooming of the Drosophila melanogaster antennae is elicited by an antennal mechanosensory chordotonal organ, the Johnston’s organ (JO) (Hampel et al., 2015). Here, we describe anatomically and physiologically distinct JO mechanosensory neuron subpopulations that each elicit antennal grooming. We show that the subpopulations project to different, discrete zones in the brain and differ in their responses to mechanical stimulation of the antennae. Although activation of each subpopulation elicits antennal grooming, distinct subpopulations also elicit the additional behaviors of wing flapping or backward locomotion. Our results provide a comprehensive description of the diversity of mechanosensory neurons in the JO, and reveal that distinct JO subpopulations can elicit both common and distinct behavioral responses.

scholarly journals Appositeness of artificial intelligence in modern medicine

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish P. ◽  
Sreedhar S. ◽  
Kunhikoyamu . ◽  
Namboothiri M. ◽  
Devi S. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Statistical Machine Learning ◽  
Large Databases ◽  
Brain Modeling ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Human Problem

Artificial intelligence (AI) can be demonstrated as intelligence demonstrated by machines.AI research has gone through different phases like simulating the brain, modeling human problem solving, formal logic, large databases of knowledge and imitating animal behavior. In the beginning of 21st century, highly mathematical statistical machine learning has dominated the field, was found useful and considered in helping to solve many challenging problems throughout industry and academia. The domain was discovered and work was done on the assumption that human intelligence can be simulated by machines. These initiate some discussions in raising queries about the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings with human-like intelligence. Myth, fiction, and philosophy are involved in the creation of this field. The debates and discussion also point to concerns of misuse regarding this technology.  

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