Status and role of formation theory in contemporary archaeological practice

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Shott
Keyword(s):  
Formation Theory ◽  
Archaeological Practice

Entitlement Disconnect: Exploring Management Graduates’ Mental Schema in Their Anticipatory Psychological Contract

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-53
Author(s):  
Werner Gresse ◽  
Bennie Linde
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Contract ◽  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Voluntary Turnover ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Formation Theory ◽  
Contract Breach ◽  
Contract Formation ◽  
Mental Schemas ◽  
Surprising Finding

In this paper, we expanded on the psychological contract theory by exploring the mental schemas of graduates’ anticipatory psychological contract before they start employment. With this research, we aimed to explore and substantiate themes associated with the mental schemas of graduates, so that the psychological contract formation theory can be expanded by investigating the role of entitlement disconnect and its influence on the anticipatory psychological contract. Literature regarding the formulation of the psychological contract is still underdeveloped, especially regarding the anticipatory phase thereof. Entitlement disconnect has also not been focused on in past literature, especially as a component of the anticipatory psychological contract that can have an impact on graduates’ career schema and voluntary turnover intention. A qualitative approach to research was adopted consisting of interviews with 18 final-year economics and management sciences graduate students in the final phase of their degrees to derive themes associated with the mental schemas of graduates’ anticipatory psychological contract. The findings suggest that graduates already have a developed mental schema that was based on their entitlement. It was also confirmed that graduates had a disposition towards voluntary turnover intuition before organisational entry, which was due to an entitlement disconnect perception. The final and most surprising finding was that some graduates already displayed pre-employment violations, where graduates already anticipated psychological contract breach before entering an employment relationship. This research suggests that graduates’ mental schemas in their anticipatory psychological contract play a much bigger role in the development of their psychological contract, after organisational entry than what was initially thought.

ENDOGENOUS SOCIAL DISTANCING AND CONTAINMENT POLICIES IN SOCIAL NETWORKS

2021 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
pp. 101-117
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Adriani ◽  
Dan Ladley
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Policy Intervention ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Formation Theory ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Underlying Network

Can smart containment policies crowd out private efforts at social distancing? We analyse this question from the perspective of network formation theory. We focus in particular on the role of externalities in social distancing choices. We also look at how these choices are affected by factors such as the agents’ risk perception, the speed of the policy intervention, the structure of the underlying network and the presence of strategic complementarities. We argue that crowding out is a problem when the probability that an outbreak may spread undetected is relatively high (either because testing is too infrequent or because tests are highly inaccurate). This is also the case where the choice of relaxing social distancing generates the largest negative externalities. Simulations on a real-world network suggest that crowding out is more likely to occur when, in the absence of interventions, face-to-face contacts are perceived to carry relatively high risk.

scholarly journals Capturing the Silences in Digital Archaeological Knowledge

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Huggett
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Multiple Datasets ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Archaeological Knowledge ◽  
Critical Challenge

The availability and accessibility of digital data are increasingly significant in the creation of archaeological knowledge with, for example, multiple datasets being brought together to perform extensive analyses that would not otherwise be possible. However, this makes capturing the silences in those data—what is absent as well as present, what is unknown as well as what is known—a critical challenge for archaeology in terms of the suitability and appropriateness of data for subsequent reuse. This paper reverses the usual focus on knowledge and considers the role of ignorance—the lack of knowledge, or nonknowledge—in archaeological data and knowledge creation. Examining aspects of archaeological practice in the light of different dimensions of ignorance, it proposes ways in which the silences, the range of unknowns, can be addressed within a digital environment and the benefits which may accrue.

The Digital Revolution to Come: Photogrammetry in Archaeological Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Magnani ◽  
Matthew Douglass ◽  
Whittaker Schroder ◽  
Jonathan Reeves ◽  
David R. Braun
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Analytical Potential ◽  
Visual Aid ◽  
To Come ◽  
Archaeological Analysis

The three-dimensional (3D) revolution promised to transform archaeological practice. Of the technologies that contribute to the proliferation of 3D data, photogrammetry facilitates the rapid and inexpensive digitization of complex subjects in both field and lab settings. It finds additional use as a tool for public outreach, where it engages audiences ranging from source communities to artifact collectors. But what has photogrammetry's function been in advancing archaeological analysis? Drawing on our previous work, we review recent applications to understand the role of photogrammetry for contemporary archaeologists. Although photogrammetry is widely used as a visual aid, its analytical potential remains underdeveloped. Considering various scales of inquiry—graduating from objects to landscapes—we address how the technology fits within and expands existing documentation and data visualization routines, while evaluating the opportunity it presents for addressing archaeological questions and problems in innovative ways. We advance an agenda advocating that archaeologists move from proof-of-concept papers toward greater integration of photogrammetry with research.

scholarly journals Droping the Trowel: Three Discourses and One Creative Archaeology

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
José Antonio Mármol Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Social Contexts ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Pottery Sherds ◽  
Artistic Works ◽  
Insight Into

Archaeology offers insight into the values of the contemporary world. From three separate discourses, which address different temporalities and sites, an overarching archaeological narrative has been established, which reflects the role of art and heritage in artistic destruction; education and archaeology as an educational and social tool; and materiality (in the present case, the Chinese pottery sherds in Al-Andalus) in the interpretations and acts of archaeologists. The visual values of archaeology and the role of the archaeological imagination to unify disparate archaeological practices will be explored here. The permeability of the spheres of archaeology and art allow us to explore both archaeological and artistic practices, as well as reflect on universal convictions and on the potentiality of archaeological practice to intervene in social contexts. With all this, archaeology acquires relevance insofar as it is a practice that is able to address the problems of the present day. In line with the so-called ‘creative archaeologies’, with their experimentation and creation of artistic works (in this case photographic), this paper aims to reflect on new ways to ‘see’ archaeology, which has never been more necessary.

Investigating the Role of Archaeological Information and Practice in Landscape Conservation Design and Planning in North America

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Murtha ◽  
Nathan R. Lawres ◽  
Tara J. Mazurczyk ◽  
Madeline Brown
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Landscape Conservation ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
Transformative Potential ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Regional Landscape ◽  
Landscape Conservation Cooperatives ◽  
Conservation Design

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to discuss the challenges and opportunities for integrating archaeological information in landscape-scale conservation design while aligning archaeological practice with design and planning focused on cultural resources. Targeting this opportunity begins with statewide archaeological databases. Here, we compare the structure and content of Pennsylvania's and Florida's statewide archaeological databases, identifying opportunities for leveraging these data in landscape conservation design and planning. The research discussed here was part of a broader project, which was working through the lens of Landscape Conservation Cooperatives in order to develop processes for integrating broadly conceived cultural resources with natural resources as part of multistate or regional landscape conservation design efforts. Landscape Conservation Cooperatives offer new ways to think about archaeological information in practice and potentially new ways for archaeology to contribute to design and planning. Statewide archaeological databases, in particular, offer transformative potential for integrating cultural resource priorities in landscape conservation design. Targeted coordination across state boundaries along with the development of accessible derivative databases are two priorities to advance their utility.

Archaeology as encounter

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben Grima
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
The Past ◽  
Areas Of Concern

AbstractAmong the influences that have altered the nature of archaeology over the past two decades, two major trends are singled out for discussion here. The first is the emerging interest in understanding the subjective experiences and perceptions of life in the past. The second trend is the growing concern with making archaeology more meaningful and accessible to a wider public. Some of the characteristics of these two trends will be considered in turn. It is then argued that, although these two movements are generally considered as quite separate issues, they stem from shared social and historic roots. The recognition of the inseparability of these two areas of concern has far-reaching implications for the nature and role of future archaeological practice.

scholarly journals Outreach and Education in Archaeology

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Amanda Erickson-Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Science Courses ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
Commercial Archaeology ◽  
Outreach And Education

There is often a disconnect between archaeology and the education system. Archaeologists, as well as educators, can use many aspects of archaeology to help teach children about science and history in multi-disciplinary ways. However, archaeology is not included in the curriculum of the United Kingdom.The role of commercial archaeology is also essential in this, because they also have a responsibility of informing local communities about the archaeology they are doing. By making strides to include archaeology in the classroom by educators and continuing it in archaeological practice by archaeologists, children will be better informed about what archaeology is and how it works. Also, teaching children about archaeology can help to provide them with not only a greater understanding and appreciation for archaeology and but also its application of the scientific method outside of the typical spectrum of science courses.

scholarly journals Making Heritage. A Case Study on the Impact of Contract Archaeology on Museum Collecting in Sweden

2020 ◽  
pp. 279-301
Author(s):  
Vivian Smits
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Contract Archaeology ◽  
The Public ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
Present Collection ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Collection Practices ◽  
The Impact

Since taking off as an industry in Sweden in the 1980s, contract archaeology has changed not only the role of field archaeologists but also that of museums and the formation of collections. This paper discusses some of the effects of the commercialization of archaeological services through a case study of past and present collection practices. Data records are compared from three different archaeological investigations at the site Nya Lödöse (1473-1621) in Gothenburg. Each excavation represents a particular era in archaeological practice. The data are used to compare and analyse collecting practices within contemporary contract archaeology. Separately, a survey among contract archaeology units examines the implementation of legislative guidelines and day-to-day practices and suggests several causes for anomalies in the selection and discarding of finds in the case study. Combined, the findings of the case study and the survey results, suggest that contract archaeology leaves a specific imprint on collections in archaeological museums, impacting their compilation, and therefore influencing future research as well as the experience of the public.

Entitlement Disconnect: Exploring Management Graduates’ Mental Schema in Their Anticipatory Psychological Contract

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-52
Author(s):  
Werner Gresse ◽  
Bennie Linde
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Contract ◽  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Voluntary Turnover ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Formation Theory ◽  
Contract Breach ◽  
Contract Formation ◽  
Mental Schemas ◽  
Surprising Finding

In this paper, we expanded on the psychological contract theory by exploring the mental schemas of graduates’ anticipatory psychological contract before they start employment. With this research, we aimed to explore and substantiate themes associated with the mental schemas of graduates, so that the psychological contract formation theory can be expanded by investigating the role of entitlement disconnect and its influence on the anticipatory psychological contract. Literature regarding the formulation of the psychological contract is still underdeveloped, especially regarding the anticipatory phase thereof. Entitlement disconnect has also not been focused on in past literature, especially as a component of the anticipatory psychological contract that can have an impact on graduates’ career schema and voluntary turnover intention. A qualitative approach to research was adopted consisting of interviews with 18 final-year economics and management sciences graduate students in the final phase of their degrees to derive themes associated with the mental schemas of graduates’ anticipatory psychological contract. The findings suggest that graduates already have a developed mental schema that was based on their entitlement. It was also confirmed that graduates had a disposition towards voluntary turnover intuition before organisational entry, which was due to an entitlement disconnect perception. The final and most surprising finding was that some graduates already displayed pre-employment violations, where graduates already anticipated psychological contract breach before entering an employment relationship. This research suggests that graduates’ mental schemas in their anticipatory psychological contract play a much bigger role in the development of their psychological contract, after organisational entry than what was initially thought.

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