Interactions among adult males and females before and after the death of the alpha male in a free-ranging troop of Japanese macaques

Primates ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Nakamichi ◽  
Yasuo Kojima ◽  
Naosuke Itoigawa ◽  
Shinji Imakawa ◽  
Shoji Machida
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Alpha Male ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Free Ranging

Development of sexual and socio-sexual behaviours in free-ranging juvenile male Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata

Behaviour ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (11) ◽  
pp. 1225-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noëlle Gunst ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Leca ◽  
Paul L. Vasey
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexual Behaviours ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Juvenile Males ◽  
Free Ranging

The emergence of conceptive and non-conceptive sexual behaviours in mature individuals can be traced back to immature socio-sexual behavioural patterns. We tested the ‘needing-to-learn hypothesis’ in the development of sexual behaviours in the immature male Japanese macaques of Arashiyama, Japan. This hypothesis holds that juvenility serves to provide young individuals with a period in which to practice adult male-like sexual and socio-sexual behaviours and partner choice. Our cross-sectional focal data on mounting behaviour and partner choice in juvenile males (1–3 years) supported most of our predictions: (1) as they became older and learnt more effective patterns of sexual solicitations, juvenile males performed more demonstrative solicitations and less non-demonstrative solicitations, (2) the frequency of mounts performed by juvenile males increased with age and converged on a frequency of mounts typical of adult males, (3) the frequency of mounts reflecting underachievement (i.e., improperly oriented mounts and single/no foot-clasp mounts) decreased as juvenile males became older, (4) the double foot-clasp mounting posture became gradually more common in juvenile males over time, while other mounting postures became less common and (5) from two to three years old, the frequency of males’ sexual mounts directed to adult females increased. Such timelines of gradual increase in the frequency of effective adult-like behavioural patterns and gradual decrease in the frequency of less effective immature behavioural patterns are consistent with the ‘needing-to-learn hypothesis’ emphasizing the role of age and practice in the progressive acquisition of adult-like sexual behaviour, mounting skills, and partner age choice during male juvenility.

Sociobiology of Rhesus Monkeys Iii: the Basic Communication Network

Behaviour ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 32 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 17-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart A. Altmann
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Random Interactions ◽  
Social Signal ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Juvenile Males ◽  
Free Ranging

AbstractThe observed distribution among age-sex classes of socially significant behavior in free-ranging rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago was tested against a series of progressively stronger null hypotheses. The first hypothesis was of purely random interactions, in which it was assumed that all individuals were equally likely to interact, all were as likely to be actor as to be object of any social signal, and all chose their social partners at random. This model proved untenable. In particular, adult males and females interacted with each other much more often than expected from the random model, and adult males interacted more often than expected with other males, both adult and juvenile. Juvenile females tended to interact relatively infrequently with other animals of any age-sex class. Adult males and juveniles of both sexes seldom interacted with infants. A second model, which took into account these age changes and sex differences in reactivity, but ignored the possibility of social preferences and assumed that interactions could be predicted from the overall reactivity or sociability of the monkeys involved, was also inadequate to account for the observed results. Apparently rhesus social behavior not only changes with age and differs with sex, but also is affected by "attractions" and "repulsions" within the group. The result was frequent interaction between adult males and females, between adult females and infants, and among juvenile males. Juvenile females, despite their general nonsociability, were apparently attracted to juvenile males, with whom they intracted more often than expected. Males, both adult and juvenile, tended to avoid infants, and vice versa. Adult males tended to avoid and to be avoided by juveniles of both sexes. Finally, the effects on paired interactions of these age changes, sex differences attractions and repulsions constitute a new model expressed in the form of an action constant and a receptivity constant for each age-sex class, and two interaction constants for each pair of age-sex classes. A method is given for extrapolating the results to populations with other compositions.

Social Relationships Among Adult Male and Female Baboons. I. Behaviour During Sexual Consortship

Behaviour ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 64 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 204-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Seyfarth
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Alpha Male ◽  
Sexual Interaction ◽  
Male Preference ◽  
Subordinate Male ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Lower Ranking ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Full Day

Abstract1. During 15 months' observation of a troop of free-ranging baboons, 13 of 16 female sexual cycles included a period of sexual consortship. Sexual consortships were defined in terms of both frequent proximity and exclusive sexual interaction between partners. 2. Female preference, male preference, and female rank were all important in determining the frequency with which specific individuals formed sexual consortships. The Alpha male was preferred by 7 of the 8 adult females, and, as a result, was involved in 10 of the 13 sexual consortships. The subordinate male formed sexual consortships twice when 2 females were swollen simultaneously and once when a female preferred him over the Alpha male. In the former two cases the higher-ranking female consorted with the Alpha male and the lower-ranking female with the subordinate male. In the latter case the Alpha male did not interfere with the subordinate male's sexual consortship. As an indication of male preference, on one occasion both the Alpha and the subordinate male ignored the presents of a fully swollen female, even though she was the only sexually receptive female in the troop at the time. 3. Sexual consortships were formed from 1 to 14 days after the female had become fully swollen, and invariably ended at least one full day before the onset of deturgescence. Sexual consortships ranged in length from 1 to 8 days, with a mean length of 3.5 days. "Successful" sexual consortships (i.e. those which resulted in conception) were more likely than others to be in progress on cycle days D-7, D-6, and D-5. 4. In the days preceding sexual consortship, females were more important than males for both the maintenance of proximity and the initiation of mounts. In contrast, during sexual consortship males were more important for the maintenance of proximity, while females were relatively less responsible for the initiation of mounts. 5. During sexual consortship partners maintained a generally higher rate of mounts with insertion that at other times, and their mounts with insertion were more "clumped" in time. There was no indication, however, of any peak in sexual activity relative to a particular day before the onset of deturgescence. 6. The formation of a sexual consortship did not appear to interrupt a female's social interactions with other animals in the troop. In most cases, however, proximity between females and their offspring increased during the period immediately after consortship had ended. 7. Although rates of female-female aggression were not affected by the formation of sexual consortship, adult females were more likely both to ignore threats from higher-ranking individuals and to be supported by adult males during sexual consortship than at other times.

scholarly journals Negligible hormonal response following dehorning in free-ranging white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel G Penny ◽  
Rachel L White ◽  
Lynne MacTavish ◽  
Dawn M Scott ◽  
Angelo P Pernetta
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Ceratotherium Simum ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
White Rhinoceros ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Progesterone Metabolites ◽  
Steroid Profiles ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Free Ranging

Abstract The white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) is experiencing unsustainable poaching losses fuelled by a demand for horn. Increasingly, private and state reserves are dehorning their rhinoceros populations in an attempt to reduce poaching pressure. Rhinoceroses use their horns in social interactions as well as during resource access and so its partial removal as part of reserve management practices may adversely influence these behaviours. Physiological stress can correlate with animal welfare, reproductive state and health and thus acts as a useful indicator of these parameters. To establish whether dehorning causes a physiological stress response, glucocorticoid and gonadal steroid profiles of free-ranging white rhinoceroses were determined through the collection and analysis of faecal steroid metabolites before and after dehorning. Faecal corticoid profiles were not influenced by the number of occasions a rhinoceros had been dehorned or by the number of days that had elapsed since dehorning. Furthermore, there was no apparent suppression in the concentrations of testosterone or progesterone metabolites in males and females, respectively, after exposure to multiple dehorning procedures. These findings should increase wildlife managers’ confidence that dehorning does not negatively impact white rhinoceros physiology as measured hormonally.

scholarly journals Behaviourally specific preferred associations in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops spp.

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 1566-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Gero ◽  
L Bejder ◽  
H Whitehead ◽  
J Mann ◽  
R C Connor
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Shark Bay ◽  
Behavioural State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Association Group ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Free Ranging

We investigated association patterns of 52 photographically identified, free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp. Gervais, 1855) across four behavioural states (rest, travel, social, and foraging/feeding) to investigate how behavioural state influences patterns of association. Group composition and behavioural data were extracted from 2178 encounter surveys collected over 3 years. Analyses revealed three general types of association: (1) affiliates, which consistently demonstrate preferred associations across all behavioural states; (2) acquaintances, which never form preferred associations but still associate in at least one behavioural state; and (3) behavioural associates, which form preferred associations in at least one, but not all behavioural states. The majority of associations in Shark Bay, Australia, are acquaintance type (38.2%), with affiliates (5.7%, principally between adult males) and behavioural associates (28.9%, principally between juveniles) being relatively rarer. Permutation tests identified behaviourally specific preferred associations during all behavioural states. Although behaviourally specific preferred associations appear to exist within the Shark Bay social structure, it seems that the social organization and mating system constrain the social relationships for the majority of males and females in differing ways which prevent them from having behavioural associates, leaving juveniles free to associate based on short-term expediency and behavioural specific needs.

Daytime declines in rumen–reticulum fill of male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from south Texas

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 637-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R.E. Aiken ◽  
A. Duarte ◽  
R.S. Luna ◽  
D.M. Wolcott ◽  
F.W. Weckerly
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Organ Mass ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Insight Into

Understanding rumen–reticulum fill dynamics gives us insight into how environmental conditions influence animal behaviors that affect when animals access forage. We examined whether there were daytime declines in rumen–reticulum fill in response to high ambient temperatures in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) on a diurnal scale. We hypothesized that to reduce heat-producing digestive processes in the heat of the day, rumen–reticulum fill and digestion in the rumen–reticulum would decline throughout the day. We collected the rumina and reticula of adult males and females across 30 h in two autumns in south Texas, USA. We also measured dry digesta mass, organ mass, and crude protein and acid detergent fiber concentrations of rumen–reticulum contents. In males, dry digesta mass declined throughout the day and crude protein concentrations were greatest when wet digesta and organ mass were the largest. Additionally, declines in dry digesta and wet digesta mass coincided with declines in crude protein concentrations and organ mass. Females did not display declines in rumen–reticulum fill (wet mass). Females were probably less vulnerable to heat than males because of their smaller body size. Male white-tailed deer foraged primarily during the cooler nights to reduce foraging and digestion during the heat of the day.

scholarly journals Mating System of Free-Ranging Dogs (Canis familiaris)

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Pal
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Canis Familiaris ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Number Of Males

Fourteen females belonging to five groups were selected for the study of mating system in free-ranging domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) All the matings occurred between August and December with a peak in late monsoon months (September to November). Both males and females differed in their degree of attractiveness to the opposite sex. The duration of courting association increased with the number of courting males in an association. The females exhibited selectivity by readily permitting some males to mate and avoiding, or even attacking others, if they attempted to mount. Frequency of mounting in courting association increased with the number of males present. There was a positive correlation between the duration of courting association and the frequency of mounting. The young adult males were more likely to copulate successfully than the old adult males. There was a negative correlation between the number of males present in an association and the number of successful copulations. In this study, six types of mating (monogamy, polygyny, promiscuity, polyandry, opportunity and rape) were recorded. Mean (±S.E.) duration ofcopulatory tieswas 25.65 (±1.43) min. Several natural factors influencing the duration of copulatory ties were identified.

Size-At-Age Variability and Sexual Dimorphism of Morphometric Characteristics in the Late Ontogenesis of the Marsh Frog, Pelophylax Ridibundus (Anura, Ranidae), from Terrytory of Crimea

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
V. N. Peskov ◽  
N. A. Petrenko ◽  
V. Yu. Reminnyi
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Marsh Frog ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Size At Age ◽  
Linear Body

Abstract We study size-at-age and sexual variability of morphometric characteristics of the marsh frog. According to the size of the body, males were divided into three size-age groups (juvenis, subadultus, adultus), females — into four groups (juvenis, subadultus, adultus, adultus-I). We found that the chronological age of frogs (skeletochronology) does not always correspond to their biological age (size and proportions of the body). We noted that the semi-adult males are reliably larger than females by mean values of 26 studied morphometric characters. Males and females of “adultus” group do not differ by linear body size, significant differences were found in body proportions (7 characters). For the females of “adultus-I” group, the mean values of 26 characters are significantly larger than for “adultus” males. The results of our study showed that with the age of the marsh frog, the level of exhibition, directionality and structure of morphometric sex differences changes.

scholarly journals Spinal Muscular Atrophy after Nusinersen Therapy: Improved Physiology in Pediatric Patients with No Significant Change in Urine, Serum, and Liquor 1H-NMR Metabolomes in Comparison to an Age-Matched, Healthy Cohort

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Leon Deutsch ◽  
Damjan Osredkar ◽  
Janez Plavec ◽  
Blaž Stres
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Spinal Muscular Atrophy ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Healthy Cohort ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Urine Serum

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetically heterogeneous group of rare neuromuscular diseases and was until recently the most common genetic cause of death in children. The effects of 2-month nusinersen therapy on urine, serum, and liquor 1H-NMR metabolomes in SMA males and females were not explored yet, especially not in comparison to the urine 1H-NMR metabolomes of matching male and female cohorts. In this prospective, single-centered study, urine, serum, and liquor samples were collected from 25 male and female pediatric patients with SMA before and after 2 months of nusinersen therapy and urine samples from a matching healthy cohort (n = 125). Nusinersen intrathecal application was the first therapy for the treatment of SMA by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Metabolomes were analyzed using targeted metabolomics utilizing 600 MHz 1H-NMR, parametric and nonparametric multivariate statistical analyses, machine learning, and modeling. Medical assessment before and after nusinersen therapy showed significant improvements of movement, posture, and strength according to various medical tests. No significant differences were found in metabolomes before and after nusinersen therapy in urine, serum, and liquor samples using an ensemble of statistical and machine learning approaches. In comparison to a healthy cohort, 1H-NMR metabolomes of SMA patients contained a reduced number and concentration of urine metabolites and differed significantly between males and females as well. Significantly larger data scatter was observed for SMA patients in comparison to matched healthy controls. Machine learning confirmed urinary creatinine as the most significant, distinguishing SMA patients from the healthy cohort. The positive effects of nusinersen therapy clearly preceded or took place devoid of significant rearrangements in the 1H-NMR metabolomic makeup of serum, urine, and liquor. Urine creatinine was successful at distinguishing SMA patients from the matched healthy cohort, which is a simple systemic novelty linking creatinine and SMA to the physiology of inactivity and diabetes, and it facilitates the monitoring of SMA disease in pediatric patients through non-invasive urine collection.

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