Aspirations, reference groups and the consumer

De Economist ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. J. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Reference Groups

Problems in methadone treatment: The influence of reference groups.

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana E. Hunt ◽  
Douglas S. Lipton ◽  
Douglas S. Goldsmith ◽  
David L. Strug
Keyword(s):  
Methadone Treatment ◽  
Reference Groups

Reference Groups and Product Innovation Strategies

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiong Sun ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Jinhong Xie ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
Gao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Product Innovation ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Innovation Strategies

Lessons from the Departed: A Planned Behavior Approach to Understand Travelers’ Actual Physician-Assisted Suicide Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 109634802098762
Author(s):  
Edmund Goh ◽  
Jun Wen ◽  
Chung-En Yu
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽  
Planned Behavior ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Physician Assisted Suicide ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Suicide Behavior ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Perceived Constraints

Traveling to die in another country is a morbid, but pertinent, topic that remains underresearched in tourism. This project aims to address this research gap by examining the underlying motivations of actual individual travelers who have travelled to Switzerland as their final life destination to commit physician-assisted suicide (PAS). Using documentaries from major news channels, content analysis was conducted to systematically examine interviews conducted with actual PAS travelers ( n = 26) before they ended their life legally through PAS in Switzerland. An extension of the theory of planned behavior with anticipated guilt was commissioned as the theoretical lens to investigate the actual behavior of travelers who have committed PAS. A total of three key attitudes, three social groups, and four perceived constraints were identified. Results identified putting an end to suffering and to die with dignity as key attitudinal items influencing PAS behavior. The reference groups of family and relatives emerged as key salient normative groups. With regard to perceived difficulties, lack of access to facilities and high financial costs were key constraints in the decision to commit PAS. A key contribution of this research found evidence of anticipated guilt as an additional theory of planned behavior variable in actual PAS behavior.

scholarly journals Can Working Conditions and Employees’ Mental Health Be Improved via Job Stress Interventions Designed and Implemented by Line Managers and Human Resources on an Operational Level?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Akerstrom ◽  
Linda Corin ◽  
Jonathan Severin ◽  
Ingibjörg H. Jonsdottir ◽  
Lisa Björk
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Employee Turnover ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Intervention Effect ◽  
Intervention Effects ◽  
Line Managers ◽  
Operational Level ◽  
Organisational Level

Organisational-level interventions are recommended for decreasing sickness absence, but knowledge of the optimal design and implementation of such interventions is scarce. We collected data on working conditions, motivation, health, employee turnover, and sickness absence among participants in a large-scale organisational-level intervention comprising measures designed and implemented by line managers and their human resources partners (i.e., operational-level). Information regarding the process, including the implementation of measures, was retrieved from a separate process evaluation, and the intervention effects were investigated using mixed-effects models. Data from reference groups were used to separate the intervention effect from the effects of other concurrent changes at the workplace. Overall, working conditions and motivation improved during the study for both the intervention and reference groups, but an intervention effect was only seen for two of 13 evaluated survey items: clearness of objectives (p = 0.02) and motivation (p = 0.06). No changes were seen in employees’ perceived health, and there were no overall intervention effects on employee turnover or sickness absence. When using operational-level workplace interventions to improve working conditions and employees’ health, efforts must be made to achieve a high measure-to-challenge correspondence; that is, the implemented measures must be a good match to the problems that they are intended to address.

scholarly journals Market Choices Driven by Reference Groups: A Comparison of Analytical and Simulation Results on Random Networks

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1007
Author(s):  
Michał Ramsza
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Qualitative Behavior ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Group Influence ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
High Connectivity ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Two Equilibria

The present paper reports simulation results for a simple model of reference group influence on market choices, e.g., brand selection. The model was simulated on three types of random graphs, Erdos–Renyi, Barabasi–Albert, and Watts–Strogatz. The estimates of equilibria based on the simulation results were compared to the equilibria of the theoretical model. It was verified that the simulations exhibited the same qualitative behavior as the theoretical model, and for graphs with high connectivity and low clustering, the quantitative predictions offered a viable approximation. These results allowed extending the results from the simple theoretical model to networks. Thus, by increasing the positive response towards the reference group, the third party may create a bistable situation with two equilibria at which respective brands dominate the market. This task is easier for large reference groups.

scholarly journals ‘We Have Equal Opportunities – in Theory’: Lay Perceptions of Privilege, Meritocracy and Inequality in Denmark

Sociology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003803852199920
Author(s):  
Ditte Andersen ◽  
Malene Lue Kessing ◽  
Jeanette Østergaard
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Opportunity Structures ◽  
Lay Perceptions ◽  
Micro Level

This article reports on the findings from a qualitative, longitudinal study on lay perceptions of opportunity structures among young adults in Denmark. Previous research suggests that people often underestimate the extent of inequality and that rising inequality aggravates misperceptions. Our study deepens the understanding of the multi-layered processes that form meritocratic beliefs, and it identifies key factors at the macro-, meso- and micro-level. A macro-level factor that proved influential was a cultural script revolving around the Danish lay concept, social arv [social inheritance]. At the meso level, the factor of reference groups in socio-economic heterogeneous schools was instrumental for formations of inequality perceptions, but in dissimilar ways depending on micro-level subjective factors. Overall, the participants viewed the free educational system in Denmark as part of a welfare system that equalises opportunity structures in principle, while the majority simultaneously exhibited a nuanced awareness of social forces negating meritocracy in practice.

The effects of user generated content and traditional reference groups on purchase intentions of young consumers: A comparative study on electronic products

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-702
Author(s):  
Hala O. Al-Rawabdeh ◽  
Hamad Ghadir ◽  
Ghaith Al-Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
User Generated Content ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Young Consumers ◽  
Survey Strategy ◽  
Post Purchase ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the impact of post-purchase user generated content (UGC) and traditional reference groups on the purchase intentions for electronic products (e-products) among young consumers in Jordan. To achieve this, a descriptive methodology was adapted, with a quantitative approach and survey strategy utilizing a five-point Likert scale questionnaire distributed to 450 university and college students in Jordan. 400 filtered and screened copies underwent statistical analyses. SPSS version 21 was utilized to describe and analyze the data. The results revealed a strong impact of post-purchase UGC on purchase intentions of e-products among young consumers. The results also revealed that traditional reference groups have a lower significant impact on the purchase intentions of young consumers, indicating that young consumers rely on online communities more than they rely on family, friends, colleagues, and other social organizations. The findings are discussed with a view to their implications, with recommendations for future research.

scholarly journals Using standard microbiome reference groups to simplify beta-diversity analyses and facilitate independent validation

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (19) ◽  
pp. 3249-3257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlena Maziarz ◽  
Ruth M Pfeiffer ◽  
Yunhu Wan ◽  
Mitchell H Gail
Keyword(s):  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Independent Validation
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