Seasonal influences on gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves in Small East African zebu (Bos indicus) bulls in Ethiopia

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azage Tegegne ◽  
K. W. Entwistle ◽  
E. Mukasa-Mugerwa
Keyword(s):  
Bos Indicus ◽  
East African ◽  
Seasonal Influences

Natural sucking performance and age of weaning in zebu cattle (Bos indicus)

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Reinhardt ◽  
Annie Reinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
East African ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Night And Day

SUMMARYSucking behaviour and age of weaning were investigated in a herd of East African zebu cattle in which all calves born had been retained for several years. Suckling rates were compared at different periods of the 24 h cycle and found to be less at night than during any day-time period. The highest rates of suckling took place in the early morning and in the late afternoon. The early morning suckling was triggered by the dawn. During both night and day, suckling was irregular and bouts were presumably due to sympathetic induction because a high proportion of the calves was suckled on each occasion. The total sucking time and the number of bouts varied significantly in inverse relation to age of the calf but the duration of a sucking bout was constant at 8 min and independent of age. There was an average of 4·8 sucking bouts within 24 h giving a total duration of 38 min. Sucking behaviour did not exhibit sex-specific differences. The average age of natural weaning was 10 months but there was a marked sex difference. Female calves were prevented by their mothers from sucking after an average age of 8·8 months but male calves continued to be suckled for a further 2·5 months and were weaned at an average age of 11·3 months.

scholarly journals Nutritional studies on East African herbivores

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Arman ◽  
D. Hopcraft ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
East African ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Nutritional Studies ◽  
Linear Regressions ◽  
African Herbivores

1. A series of nitrogen-balance trials was done using groups of four animals of various species of wild and domesticated ruminants using pelleted diets (Arman & Hopcraft, 1975)2. Various herbivores were given grass or grass hays, legumes, herbs and shrubs. Food and faecal samples were analysed for N3. With the pelleted diets, the N content of the faecal dry matter (DM) was low for eland (Taurotragus oryx Pallas), high for sheep and cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) and intermediate for the three small antelope species (hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei Günther), Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii Günther) and duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia L.)). With the natural fodders, similar relationships were found, together with variations associated with the type of diet4. Three forms of equation were used to express the relationship between faecal N and food N. One of the forms, the linear regression of g faecal N/kg DM intake v. g food N/kg DM intake, fitted the results less well than did the other two and was not used to estimate metabolic faecal N (MFN) losses5. MFN was calculated by extrapolation of linear regressions of g faecal N/kg faecal DM v. g N intake/kg faecal DM for the pelleted diets. The range of values was (g N/kg faecal DM): Friesians 7·6, eland 8·1, zebu cattle 11·0 and small antelope and sheep 11·5–12·6. There were significant differences (P < 0·001) between species in slopes and intercepts6. MFN was calculated from linear regressions of g faecal N/kg faecal DM v. g food N/kg food DM for all diets. This method gave the best fit for the pelleted diets. Values for these diets were (g N/kg faecal DM): eland 8·3, cattle and sheep 9·3–11·0 and small antelope 11·6–12·3. Species differences were significant (P < 0·001). With grasses, values ranged from 5·9 for non-ruminants (rabbit (domesticated), warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus Pallas) and hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius L.)) plus eland and wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus Burchell), to 8·4 for the other ruminants (sheep, goat, hartebeest, gazelle, duiker, buffalo (Syncerus caffer Sparrman)), kob (Adenota kob thomasi Sclater), reedbuck (Redunca redunca Pallas) and topi (Damaliscus korrigum Ogilby). For ruminants (sheep, hartebeest, duiker and kob), excluding eland, given legumes the value was 8·6, and for sheep and duiker given herbs the value was 14·7. With shrubs, faecal-N losses were variable and sometimes high7. With the pelleted diets, true digestibilities of crude protein (N×6·25) varied from 0·84 to 0·918. The results are discussed in relation to the digestive physiology and feeding habits of the various species, and there is an examination of the feasibility of using linear regressions of crude protein in the diet v. N in the faecal DM for evaluating the quality of the diets selected by free-ranging East African herbivores.

Patterns of indigenous female cattle morphometric traits variations in Uganda: Evidence for farmers’ selection to enhance agro-ecological fitness

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Kabi ◽  
C. Masembe ◽  
R. Negrini ◽  
V. Muwanika
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
East African ◽  
High Dimensions ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Indigenous Cattle ◽  
Ecological Fitness ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Ankole Cattle ◽  
Female Cattle

SummaryGlobally, rural cattle keeping communities actively select and breed indigenous cattle to satisfy their interests and enhance adaptation to local landscapes. This study investigated how traditional systems in Uganda have shaped the morphometric population structure of indigenous cattle breeds. Ten linear morphometric traits were interrogated amongst 801 female cattle, comprising 46 Nganda (Bos indicus), 368 Ankole (B. taurus indicus) and 387 East African shorthorn zebu (EASZ,B. indicus). The study cattle were obtained evenly at random from 209 herds in their agro-ecological zones (AEZs) where they have been nurtured by traditional cattle keeping communities throughout Uganda. Age, AEZs and breed significantly influenced the variation of linear morphometric traits exhibiting a gradient of low, intermediate and high dimensions among the EASZ, Nganda and Ankole cattle, respectively. Likewise, the linear morphometric trait (Mahalanobis squared distance) diversity was significantly different exhibiting a gradient of low, intermediate and high variation between Nganda and EASZ, Ankole and Nganda, and Ankole and EASZ cattle, respectively. These findings demonstrate the role of agro-ecological fitness in the evolution of indigenous cattle morphometric population structure in Uganda. The study outcomes further provide a motivation to search for genes associated with the diverse morphometric features.

The body and carcass composition of East African ruminants. I. The composition of ‘Improved Boran’ Bos indicus steer carcasses

1965 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Ledger
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
East African ◽  
Heavy Weight

Fifty Boran Bos indicus steers, all of which were born during the same months, were reared together on grass without supplementary feeding, until required for slaughter. Pre-determined randomly selected groups of these steers were slaughtered at 1½, 2½, 3½, 4, 5 and 5½ years of age. Carcass analyses were carried out and the changing relationship between the edible carcass components themselves and of their relationship to live and carcass weights during growth were investigated. It was observed that certain components maintained a near constant relationship to each other throughout growth. It was also noted that compensatory growth of light-weight weaners enabled them to be as productive, in terms of final carcass weight and composition at 3½ and 4 years, as heavy-weight weaners.

Scanning electron microscopy of the integument of schistosoma rodhaini

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
P. Evers ◽  
C. Schutte ◽  
C. D. Dettman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Oral Sucker ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Sensory Receptors ◽  
East African ◽  
Dorsal Midline ◽  
Scanning Electron

S.rodhaini (Brumpt 1931) is a parasite of East African rodents which may possibly hybridize with the human schistosome S. mansoni. The adult male at maturity measures approximately 3mm long and possesses both oral and ventral suckers and a marked gynaecophoric canal. The oral sucker is surrounded by a ring of sensory receptors with a large number of inwardly-pointing spines set into deep sockets occupying the bulk of the ventral surface of the sucker. Numbers of scattered sensory receptors are found on both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the head (Fig. 1) together with two conspicuous rows of receptors situated symmetrically on each side of the midline. One row extends along the dorsal surface of the head midway between the dorsal midline and the lateral margin.

International Telesupervision: The Clinical Fellowship Experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
David W. Rule ◽  
Lisa N. Kelchner
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Clinical Supervision ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
East African ◽  
The World ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
National Certification

Telepractice technology allows greater access to speech-language pathology services around the world. These technologies extend beyond evaluation and treatment and are shown to be used effectively in clinical supervision including graduate students and clinical fellows. In fact, a clinical fellow from the United States completed the entire supervised clinical fellowship (CF) year internationally at a rural East African hospital, meeting all requirements for state and national certification by employing telesupervision technology. Thus, telesupervision has the potential to be successfully implemented to address a range of needs including supervisory shortages, health disparities worldwide, and access to services in rural areas where speech-language pathology services are not readily available. The telesupervision experience, potential advantages, implications, and possible limitations are discussed. A brief guide for clinical fellows pursuing telesupervision is also provided.

THE MARITIME ZONES OF EAST AFRICAN STATES IN THE LAW OF THE SEA: BENEFITS GAINED, OPPORTUNITIES MISSED

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALDO CHIRCOP ◽  
DAVID DZIDZORNU ◽  
JOSE GUERREIRO ◽  
CATARINA GRILO
Keyword(s):  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
East African ◽  
The Law

A Review and evaluation of Machine Translation methods for Lumasaaba

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
Peter Nabende
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Machine Translation ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
East African ◽  
Data Set ◽  
African Languages ◽  
Translation Methods

Natural Language Processing for under-resourced languages is now a mainstream research area. However, there are limited studies on Natural Language Processing applications for many indigenous East African languages. As a contribution to covering the current gap of knowledge, this paper focuses on evaluating the application of well-established machine translation methods for one heavily under-resourced indigenous East African language called Lumasaaba. Specifically, we review the most common machine translation methods in the context of Lumasaaba including both rule-based and data-driven methods. Then we apply a state of the art data-driven machine translation method to learn models for automating translation between Lumasaaba and English using a very limited data set of parallel sentences. Automatic evaluation results show that a transformer-based Neural Machine Translation model architecture leads to consistently better BLEU scores than the recurrent neural network-based models. Moreover, the automatically generated translations can be comprehended to a reasonable extent and are usually associated with the source language input.

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