Ionic movements in cell membranes in relation to the activity of the nervous system

1959 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans H. Ussing
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Ionic Movements

scholarly journals Designing artificial sodium ion reservoirs to emulate biological synapses

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongshin Kim ◽  
Jang-Sik Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Synaptic Functions ◽  
Von Neumann Architecture ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ionic Movements

Abstract Emulating neurons/synapses in the brain is an important step to realizing highly efficient computers. This fact makes neuromorphic devices important emerging solutions to the limitations imposed by the current computing architecture. To mimic synaptic functions in the brain, it is critical to replicate ionic movements in the nervous system. It is therefore important to note that ions move easily in liquids. In this study, we demonstrate a liquid-based neuromorphic device that is capable of mimicking the movement of ions in the nervous system by controlling Na+ movement in an aqueous solution. The concentration of Na+ in the solution can control the ionic conductivity of the device. The device shows short-term and long-term plasticity such as excitatory postsynaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, potentiation, and depression, which are key properties for memorization and computation in the brain. This device has the potential to overcome the limitations of current von Neumann architecture-based computing systems and substantially advance the technology of neuromorphic computing.

The Croonian Lecture - Ionic movements and electrical activity in giant nerve fibres

1958 ◽  
Vol 148 (930) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Nerve Fibre ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Large Structure ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Ionic Movements

During the course of an investigation into the central nervous systems of squids and cuttlefish, Professor J. Z. Young (1936 a , b ) noticed certain transparent tubular structures in the peripheral nerves. These must have seemed too large to be nerve fibres, and in a subsequent article Young (1944) remarked that he first took them to be blood vessels. However, on examining them more closely, he was able to prove that the tubes were, in fact, nerve fibres of exceptional size. Like many important discoveries, this was not an entirely new observation. It had been known since the time of Remak (1843) that Crustacea possessed giant nerve fibres, but with one exception the still larger fibres in cephalopods seem not to have been recognized as such. As Young pointed out, the exception was L. W. Williams who wrote a monograph on the squid which was published in 1909. In this monograph, Williams referred briefly to the large fibres in the nervous system. Williams did not commit himself as to the size of the fibres, but it is clear that he must have seen them. Thus he remarked that ‘The very size of the nerve processes has prevented their discovery, since it is well nigh impossible to believe that such a large structure can be a nerve fibre.’

Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.

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