A calculation of the large scale three dimensional distribution of diabatic heating in the atmosphere

1962 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Drew Houghton
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Diabatic Heating ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Distribution

scholarly journals Shifting fish distributions in warming sub-Arctic oceans

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Campana ◽  
Ragnhildur B. Stefánsdóttir ◽  
Klara Jakobsdóttir ◽  
Jón Sólmundsson
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Thermal Limits ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
Distribution Shifts

Abstract The distributional response of marine fishes to climate warming would be expected to be very different than that of homeothermic birds and mammals, due both to more direct thermal effects on poikilothermic fish physiology and on reduced habitat fragmentation. In this study, we use a combination of linear models and graphical tools to quantify three-dimensional distribution shifts in 82 fish species caught in 5390 standardized groundfish survey tows over a 22-year time frame in the highly-productive sub-Arctic waters around Iceland. Over a 1 °C range, temperature significantly modified the distributional centroids of 72% of all fish species, but had relatively little effect on diversity. Most of the geographic shifts were to the northwest, and there was no overall tendency to move to deeper waters. A doubling of species abundance significantly influenced the distribution of 62% of species, but lacked the poleward orientation observed with temperature increases. Stenothermal species, those near their upper or lower thermal limits, and those with restricted spatial ranges were most likely to shift their distribution in response to climate warming, while deepwater species were not. A 2–3 °C warming of marine waters seems likely to produce large-scale changes in the location of many sub-Arctic fisheries.

scholarly journals A ring in a shell: the large-scale 6D structure of the Vela OB2 complex

2019 ◽  
Vol 621 ◽  
pp. A115 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Cantat-Gaudin ◽  
M. Mapelli ◽  
L. Balaguer-Núñez ◽  
C. Jordi ◽  
G. Sacco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Unsupervised Classification ◽  
Young Stars ◽  
Total Current ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Large Spatial Scale ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
Current Mass

Context. The Vela OB2 association is a group of ∼10 Myr stars exhibiting a complex spatial and kinematic substructure. The all-sky Gaia DR2 catalogue contains proper motions, parallaxes (a proxy for distance), and photometry that allow us to separate the various components of Vela OB2. Aims. We characterise the distribution of the Vela OB2 stars on a large spatial scale, and study its internal kinematics and dynamic history. Methods. We make use of Gaia DR2 astrometry and published Gaia-ESO Survey data. We apply an unsupervised classification algorithm to determine groups of stars with common proper motions and parallaxes. Results. We find that the association is made up of a number of small groups, with a total current mass over 2330 M⊙. The three-dimensional distribution of these young stars trace the edge of the gas and dust structure known as the IRAS Vela Shell across ∼180 pc and shows clear signs of expansion. Conclusions. We propose a common history for Vela OB2 and the IRAS Vela Shell. The event that caused the expansion of the shell happened before the Vela OB2 stars formed, imprinted the expansion in the gas the stars formed from, and most likely triggered star formation.

scholarly journals Radio Surveys and Large Scale Structure

1991 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 759 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Shaver
Keyword(s):  
Radio Source ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Large Scale Structure ◽  
Radio Galaxies ◽  
Scale Structure ◽  
Radio Sources ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
Normal Galaxies ◽  
Dimensional Distribution

An analysis of the Molonglo Reference Catalogue indicates that significant departures from isotropy are present in the sky distribution of strong extragalactic radio sources. This has been shown to be due to local large scale structure, specifically a concentration to the supergalactic plane, which also influences the slope of the source counts. A study of the three-dimensional distribution of local radio galaxies shows that they are more strongly concentrated to the supergalactic plane than are optically�selected galaxies, and that the supergalactic concentration is more extensive than hitherto believed. It appears that radio galaxies (and clusters of galaxies) trace the 'skeleton' of large scale structure, about which normal galaxies are more loosely distributed. Thus, while large scale structure evidently complicates the interpretation of radio source counts, it appears that radiO surveys can be of value in exploring structures on the largest scales.

scholarly journals Determining Ω0 and λ0 from Cosmological Redshift Distortion of Galaxies and Quasars

1999 ◽  
Vol 183 ◽  
pp. 235-240
Author(s):  
Yasushi Suto
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Cosmological Parameters ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Density Parameter ◽  
Cosmological Redshift ◽  
Peculiar Velocity ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
Space Distortion ◽  
The Universe

The three-dimensional distribution of galaxies in the redshift surveys differ from the true one since the distance to each galaxy cannot be determined by its redshift z only; for z ≪ 1 the peculiar velocity of galaxies, typically ∼ (100–1000)km/sec, contaminates the true recession velocity of the Hubble flow, while the true distance for objects at z ≳ 1 sensitively depends on the (unknown and thus assumed) cosmological parameters. This hampers the effort to understand the true distribution of large-scale structure of the universe. Nevertheless such redshift-space distortion effects are quite useful since through the detailed theoretical modeling, one can derive the peculiar velocity dispersions of galaxies as a function of separation, and also can infer the cosmological density parameter Ω0, the dimensionless cosmological constant λ0, and the spatial biasing factor b of galaxies and/or quasars, for instance. In this talk, I discuss the importance of such redshift distortion induced by the geometry of the universe, which summarizes the recent results of my collaborative work in this topic (Matsubara & Suto 1996; Nakamura, Matsubara, & Suto 1998; Magira, Matsubara, Jing, & Suto 1998).

Objective Determination of the Large-scale Distribution of Galaxies

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-51
Author(s):  
R. J. Dodd ◽  
H. T. MacGillivray
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surface Distribution ◽  
Visible Part ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
Objective Prism

AbstractObservations of the large-scale organisation of matter in the Universe are of great importance in present day astronomy. In the visible part of the spectrum such observations are mainly of the distribution of galaxies on the plane of the sky.Direct and objective prism plates obtained using large Schmidt telescopes form the bulk of the material used. The direct plates provide the observations from which the surface distribution of galaxies may be determined and the prism plates and FLAIR, via redshifts, yield extragalactic distances and hence the three dimensional distribution of galaxies.For large-scale surveys the measuring machines used need to be multi-purpose and fast such as COSMOS and SUPER-COSMOS at the Royal Observatory Edinburgh. More specific programs can make use of smaller, slower machines such as iris photometers and microdensitometers.The method of analysing the data produced rely on seeking density enhancements in the general field of galaxies for cluster detection or using correlation techniques for analysis of the galaxy distribution.A description is given of a southern sky catalogue containing 109 objects recently completed and an outline of some of the extragalactic projects underway using this large body of data.

Geographic Responses of Groundfish to Variation in Abundance: Methods of Detection and Their Interpretation

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 808-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Tara Marshall ◽  
Kenneth T. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
Catch Rates ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Haddock Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
Trawl Surveys

Recent published studies have used data from bottom trawl surveys of groundfish populations to test whether distributional area and abundance are correlated. Two studies that used different indices to represent the distributional area of Georges Bank haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) yielded conflicting results. To determine whether this is an example of different distributional indices measuring different things, both indices were regressed against estimates of abundance of haddock from a different but neighbouring location on the southwestern Scotian Shelf. Positive correlations were observed for immature age-classes using both indices whereas only one of the two indices resulted in positive correlations for mature age-classes. The following factors contributed to the lack of agreement among distributional indices: (1) age-aggregated indices potentially obscure correlations between distributional area and abundance for individual age-classes; (2) distributional indices that depend on the magnitude of catch rates confound variation in the large-scale horizontal distribution of stocks with diurnal variation in the three-dimensional distribution of schools; (3) distributional indices that scale positively with abundance generate spurious correlations. The results suggest that the outcome of any test of whether distributional area and abundance are correlated depends on the index chosen to represent distributional area.

scholarly journals On the Fractal Structure of Galaxy Distribution and its Implications for Cosmology

Fractals ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 231-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yurij V. Baryshev ◽  
Francesco Sylos Labini ◽  
Marco Montuori ◽  
Luciano Pietronero ◽  
Pekka Teerikorpi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fractal Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Space Distribution ◽  
Large Scale Structures ◽  
Galaxy Distribution ◽  
Standard Cosmology ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Distance Relation

Two fundamental empirical laws have been established in the analysis of galaxy space distribution. First, recent analyses have revealed that the three-dimensional distribution of galaxies and clusters is characterized by large-scale structures and huge voids: such a distribution shows fractal correlations up to the limits of the available samples. This has confirmed the earlier de Vaucouleurs power-law density — distance relation, now corresponding to a fractal structure with dimension D ≈ 2, at least, in the range of scales ~1 ÷ 200 Mpc (H0=55 km/sec/Mpc). An eventual cut-off towards homogenization has not been yet identified. Second, since Huble's discovery, the linear redshift-distance law has been well established within 200 Mpc and also much deeper. The co-existence of these laws within the same scales is a challenge for the standard cosmology, where the linear Hubble law is a strict consequence of homogeneity of the expanding universe. This puzzle is now sufficiently strong to raise doubts for the standard cosmology.

Three-dimensional distribution of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygemase during the early development of proplastids in dark-grown Euglena cells transferred to an inorganic medium

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 906-907
Author(s):  
Tomoko Ehara ◽  
Shuji Sumida ◽  
Tetsuaki Osafune ◽  
Eiji Hase
Keyword(s):  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Euglena Gracilis ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Plastid Development ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Inorganic Medium ◽  
Ribulose 1 ◽  
Dimensional Distribution

As shown previously, Euglena cells grown in Hutner’s medium in the dark without agitation accumulate wax as well as paramylum, and contain proplastids showing no internal structure except for a single prothylakoid existing close to the envelope. When the cells are transferred to an inorganic medium containing ammonium salt and the cell suspension is aerated in the dark, the wax was oxidatively metabolized, providing carbon materials and energy 23 for some dark processes of plastid development. Under these conditions, pyrenoid-like structures (called “pro-pyrenoids”) are formed at the sites adjacent to the prolamel larbodies (PLB) localized in the peripheral region of the proplastid. The single prothylakoid becomes paired with a newly formed prothylakoid, and a part of the paired prothylakoids is extended, with foldings, in to the “propyrenoid”. In this study, we observed a concentration of RuBisCO in the “propyrenoid” of Euglena gracilis strain Z using immunoelectron microscopy.

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