Caste and sex differences in cold-hardiness in the social wasps,Polistes annularis andP. exclamans (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Strassmann ◽  
R. E. Lee ◽  
R. R. Rojas ◽  
J. G. Baust
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Social Wasps ◽  
The Social ◽  
Polistes Annularis

Race and Sex Differences and Fear of Dying: A Test of Two Hypotheses — High Risk or Social Loss?

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Marks
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Fear Of Death ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Social Loss ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
The Social

A national sample of noninstitutionalized adult Americans is used to test two hypotheses and their relation to fear of death, The first hypothesis, referred to as the high risk hypothesis (i.e., groups with higher mortality rates will express more fear of death than groups with lower rates of mortality), is rejected. The second hypothesis, referred to as the social loss hypothesis, is developed and tested across six status categories—race, sex, age, religion, level of education, and health status. Zero order differences did appear for sex and race, however, these differences were eliminated with the introduction of controls. Both hypotheses are rejected.

Venom gland morphology in Pepsis pallidolimbata pallidolimbata and biological use and activity of Pepsis venom

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 1014-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Schoeters ◽  
J. Billen ◽  
J. O. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Venom Gland ◽  
Social Wasps ◽  
Morphological Organization ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Venom Glands ◽  
Glandular Structures ◽  
Sibling Family

Spider wasps, i.e., the family Pompilidae, in general, and those belonging to the genus Pepsis in particular, are acknowledged to possess venoms that are algogenic to humans and thus have the parsimonious functions of causing paralysis and providing defense against predators. The morphological organization of the venom system and its complex convoluted gland closely resembles that in social members of the Vespidae. These features distinguish the venom glands of the Pompilidae from those of the sibling family Mutillidae as well as those of the family Sphecidae, which lack convoluted glands. Although the venom glands in Pepsis species are very similar in morphology to those of social vespids, the lethality of Pepsis venom to mammals is several times less than that of the social common wasps. These findings suggest that in terms of the evolution of venom activity and the associated glandular structures, there was apparently no need for social wasps to develop extra parts of the venom system for producing toxic, lethal, or powerful algogenic components. All of the glandular parts of the venom gland of social wasps were already present in pompilids (and eumenids) and, presumably, in their ancestors.

The Social Wasps of India and the Adjacent Countries (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 389-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bina Pani Das ◽  
Virendra K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Social Wasps ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals Readings Behind the Early Christian Queer Experiences

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-124
Author(s):  
Larisa Orlov Vilimonović
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Early Christianity ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Gender Fluidity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Categories ◽  
Body Modifications

This paper deals with the ideas of queer experiences in the Early Christian movement, seen through early Christian epistemologies of gender and patristic thought focused on sex differences. The lives and passions of transgender nuns are used in discussing various aspects of gender fluidity in early Christianity. Theoretically, the paper rests on the idea of the performativity of gender, that is, on the ways gender was constructed and how body modifications enabled renegotiation of gender categories. It also focuses on the social context of queer experiences in the late antique period with regard to Roman social norms.

scholarly journals Sex differences in microglial colonization and vulnerabilities to endocrine disruption in the social brain

2016 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan E. Rebuli ◽  
Paul Gibson ◽  
Cassie L. Rhodes ◽  
Bruce S. Cushing ◽  
Heather B. Patisaul
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Endocrine Disruption ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals The social evolution of sleep: sex differences, intragenomic conflicts and clinical pathologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1894) ◽  
pp. 20182188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonçalo S. Faria ◽  
Susana A. M. Varela ◽  
Andy Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Maternal Origin ◽  
Intragenomic Conflict ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
Sleep Sex

Sleep appears to be essential for most animals, including humans. Accordingly, individuals who sacrifice sleep are expected to incur costs and so should only be evolutionarily favoured to do this when these costs are offset by other benefits. For instance, a social group might benefit from having some level of wakefulness during the sleeping period if this guards against possible threats. Alternatively, individuals might sacrifice sleep in order to gain an advantage over mate competitors. Here, we perform a theoretical analysis of the social evolutionary pressures that drive investment into sleep versus wakefulness. Specifically, we: investigate how relatedness between social partners may modulate sleeping strategies, depending upon whether sleep sacrifice is selfish or altruistic; determine the conditions under which the sexes are favoured to adopt different sleeping strategies; identify the potential for intragenomic conflict between maternal-origin versus paternal-origin genes regarding an individual's sleeping behaviour; translate this conflict into novel and readily testable predictions concerning patterns of gene expression; and explore the concomitant effects of different kinds of mutations, epimutations, and uniparental disomies in relation to sleep disorders and other clinical pathologies. Our aim is to provide a theoretical framework for future empirical data and stimulate further research on this neglected topic.

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