Testicular histology of cryptorchid black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) of Kodiak island, Alaska

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Bubenik ◽  
J. P. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Kodiak Island ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Sitkensis ◽  
Testicular Histology

Seasonal patterns in body mass, body composition, and water transfer rates of free-ranging and captive black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) in Alaska

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1397-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Parker ◽  
Michael P. Gillingham ◽  
Thomas A. Hanley ◽  
Charles T. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Water Transfer ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Sitkensis ◽  
Free Ranging

Body mass, body composition, and water transfer rates were determined over a continuous 2-year period in nine free-ranging Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis). Body masses showed a cyclical pattern, declined 14 – 31% between October and March, and were best described by a five-parameter, biologically based regression model. The amount of mass lost by black-tailed deer over winter depended on the peak body mass attained during fall. During winter, animals used 70 – 82% of their body fat and 10 – 15% of their protein reserves. Body fat was preferentially mobilized at rates 2.3 – 11.6 times higher than protein. Because of the higher energy content of fat, fat accounted for 83 – 92% of the catabolized energy. Water transfer rates varied seasonally with average summer values approximately four times those of winter; lactating deer had significantly higher rates of water transfer than nonlactating animals. Seasonal changes in all of the above parameters for wild deer were greater than those for eight deer of the same age in captivity.

Variation in ruminal nitrogen levels among some cervidae

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1437-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Klein ◽  
Fritz Schønheyder
Keyword(s):  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Sitkensis ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Apparent Ability

Among black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), nitrogen levels in the contents of the rumen show consistent patterns of variation. Among deer of each species on the same range during the same season, the animal-derived nitrogen component of the rumen contents decreases as the vegetative nitrogen component increases. This inverse relationship may result from one, or more likely both, of the following causes. (1) The ability of the ruminant to maintain a fairly constant rumen environment to allow for its most efficient function. (2) An adaptability in these deer species to compensate for low nitrogen levels in the forage by recycling of nitrogen through the saliva and further conservation of ruminal nitrogen by recycling it through successive generations of microbial populations. The apparent ability to compensate for variations in forage nitrogen levels is limited when deer are on range of general poor quality or during fall and winter when forage nitrogen levels are reduced.

scholarly journals Survival and Growth of Planted Yellow-Cedar Seedlings and Rooted Cuttings (Stecklings) near Ketchikan, Alaska

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Hennon ◽  
Michael H. McClellan ◽  
Sheila R. Spores ◽  
Ewa H. Orlikowska
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Planting Stock ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Sitkensis

Abstract The survival and growth of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) seedlings and rooted cuttings (stecklings) were monitored for 6 years after planting at three sites near Ketchikan in southeast Alaska to determine whether stecklings could serve as a suitable planting stock. Survival for both seedlings and stecklings was >85% at the three sites. Survival, final diameter, and final height differed by site but not by the use or absence of Vexar as protection from browsing by Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis). Vexar produced a lower rate of browsing but contributed to form problems (especially leaving trees leaning and prostrate on the ground). Seedlings had significantly greater diameters than stecklings even though they experienced a higher rate of browsing at one site. Differences in diameter and height likely were due to genetic variation rather than seedling or steckling stock type. Stecklings appear to be a suitable source of planting stock; when used for large-scale reforestation efforts, genetic considerations are essential. Planting recommendations for maximizing yellow-cedar establishment during regeneration are given.

Influence of precommercial thinning on understory vegetation of young-growth Sitka spruce forests in southeastern Alaska

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Cole ◽  
Thomas A. Hanley ◽  
Michael Newton
Keyword(s):  
Food Resource ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Sitkensis ◽  
Species Specific

The effects of precommercial thinning on the understory vegetative cover of 16- to 18-year-old spruce–hemlock ( Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière – Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) stands were studied in seven replicate areas over seven growing seasons postthinning. Vegetative cover was analyzed at the class level, but species-specific effects were examined in relation to their value as food for Sitka black-tailed deer ( Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis Cowan). When compared with unthinned controls, thinned stands (3.6–6.3 m spacing) had significantly greater understory cover. However, all thinned spacings led to similar understory cover. Conifer cover recovered to about two-thirds of its prethinning level within seven growing seasons posttreatment. Understory nonconiferous cover increased during the first 2–4 years postthinning but began to decline with increasing conifer cover during the next 3 years, nearly reaching pretreatment levels by year 7. In unthinned understories, vegetative cover had declined and was significantly lower than that beneath thinned stands. Summer food resource values for deer were increased by thinning. Winter food resource values were increased by thinning for snow-free conditions but were unaffected for conditions when herb-layer forbs were buried by snow.

Short-term effects of hunting on naïve black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis): behavioural response and consequences on vegetation growth

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 915-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soizic Le Saout ◽  
Sophie Padié ◽  
Simon Chamaillé-Jammes ◽  
Simon Chollet ◽  
Steve Côté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Haida Gwaii ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nonconsumptive Effects ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Marine Subsidies ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Sitkensis ◽  
Bait Stations

Hunting is commonly used to reduce overabundant deer populations that are of socioeconomic and ecological concerns. Recently, it has been suggested that “hunting for fear” might help maximize nonconsumptive effects of hunting and their cascading impacts. We investigated how a predator-free black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis Merriam, 1898) population introduced to the Haida Gwaii archipelago (Canada) responded to short-term hunting for fear. We conducted a hunt that minimized killing and maximized scaring on an island where some deer were marked. Between control and hunted sites, we compared deer use of bait stations and of shoreline areas (i.e., an open and risky area that provided marine subsidies). We also compared the browsing pressure and growth of two grasses and two shrubs. Hunting for fear had no effect on the overall use of bait stations and shorelines. However, in the area exposed to hunting, unmarked deer, which were assumed to be less tolerant of human disturbance, avoided bait stations at the outset of hunting. We concluded that individuals perceive and respond to risk differently. Furthermore, two of the four plant species were less likely to be browsed and had better growth in the experimental area than in the control area, suggesting an indirect effect of hunting on plants mediated by deer behaviour.

Introduced deer and the pollination and reproduction of an animal-pollinated herb

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego P. Vázquez ◽  
Julie Gresser ◽  
Jean-Louis Martin
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Relative Density ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Pollen Deposition ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Haida Gwaii ◽  
Absolute Density ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Sitkensis

We evaluated the hypothesis that the modified population density of Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC. (Ranunculaceae) resulting from the introduction of Sitka black-tailed deer ( Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis ) in the Haida Gwaii archipelago affects the pollination and reproductive performance of this herbaceous species. We compared the population density, pollination, and reproductive success of A. formosa among three small islands colonized by deer and three deer-free islands. Islands with deer had a substantially lower absolute density and a greater relative density of A. formosa than deer-free islands. The presence of deer was associated with higher pollen deposition, which probably resulted from the greater relative density of A. formosa on islands with deer. However, the presence of deer had no significant effect on individual reproductive success. The latter result is likely a consequence of the lack of pollen limitation in this species, as well as of the conflicting relationship between the absolute and relative densities of A. formosa and the presence of deer.

Forage intake by black-tailed deer in a natural environment: bout dynamics

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 1118-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Gillingham ◽  
Katherine L. Parker ◽  
Thomas A. Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Active Time ◽  
Skunk Cabbage ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Sitkensis ◽  
Free Ranging

We examined the within-bout and seasonal dynamics of intake rate for free-ranging tractable black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) throughout a 2-year period. Based on log frequency analyses of 487 complete active bouts, we concluded that active bouts consisted of a series of foraging bouts separated by ~2 min of nonforaging activity. Black-tailed deer spent ~92% of their active time foraging, independent of sex or season. Dry matter intake rates varied significantly with season, from ~0.5 g/min active in winter up to 1.5 g/min in summer, but few differences were attributable to sex. The large leaf size of skunk-cabbage (Lysichiton americanum) enabled deer to attain and sustain intake rates that approached predicted theoretical Rmax values of 10–12 g dry matter/min (L.A. Shipley and D.E. Spalinger. 1992. Can. J. Zool. 70: 1743–1752). Daily dry matter intake varied from 300 g/day in winter to > 1300 g/day in summer. Deer maintained a constant intake rate throughout only one-third of all active periods; intake was reduced at the end of ~40% of-all bouts, while intake rates increased towards the end of 30% of bouts. We discuss the implications of these dynamics for sampling of incomplete bouts, which is frequently employed by observers. Finally, we discuss the importance of selected, not available, biomass in understanding the foraging intake of ungulates.

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