The exposition of chorioallantoic membranes of the chick embryo to granules from embryonic tissue

1949 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 235-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Shaver ◽  
J. Brachet
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Tissue

scholarly journals Vitamin A economy of the developing chick embryo and of the freshly hatched chick

1973 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Joshi ◽  
S. N. Mathur ◽  
S. K. Murthy ◽  
J. Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Embryonic Tissue ◽  
Retinyl Esters ◽  
High Concentrations

1. The changes in the net amounts of retinol, retinyl esters and retinal in both the developing chick embryo and the newly hatched chick were investigated. The embryo requires about 68nmol of the vitamin for its growth, whereas the baby chick requires about 108nmol during the first 7 days after hatching. 2. Retinal was present in the egg in fairly high concentrations at the beginning of the incubation but it virtually disappeared from the extra-embryonic tissue after day 17 of incubation. It was not found in the liver of the embryo or of the newly hatched chick up until day 7.

scholarly journals ACTION ON FIBROBLASTS OF EXTRACTS OF HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS TISSUES

1923 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Carrel ◽  
Albert H. Ebeling
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Embryonic Tissue ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Tyrode Solution ◽  
Adult Tissue ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Adult Tissues ◽  
Pure Cultures

Extracts of homologous adult tissues detemine an increase in the mass of pure cultures of chicken fibroblasts nourished thereon comparable to that resulting from embryonic tissue juice. But the effect of these extracts differs markedly from that of the latter, since cell multiplication does not continue indefinitely. After a few passages, the fibroblasts cultivated in adult tissue extracts grew more slowly than in Tyrode solution. The cytoplasm became dark and filled with fat granules, and death followed. It is possible that the tissues of adult animals contain, as does the serum, substances which are toxic for the homologous cells, and which progressively overcome the effect of the growth-activating substances. The effect of heterologous adult tissue extracts did not differ markedly from that of homologous tissues. The chicken connective tissue increased slightly in mass, but died sooner than the controls in Tyrode solution. By contrast, tissue juices derived from the embryos of mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits acted on chicken fibroblasts in the same manner as chick embryo juices. The increase in mass of the cultures was regular and rapid. They doubled in size every 48 or 72 hours, and the rate of growth did not decrease after 30 days. It appears that embryonic tissue juices are not necessarily toxic for heterologous fibroblasts, and that they can be used in the building up of protoplasm in the tissues of a different species. In experiments made long ago, the action of tissue juice was described as being specific. The premature death of the fibroblasts cultivated in heterologous juices at that time would now appear to have been due to spontaneous changes in the pH and the deterioration that even normal chick embryo juice at a pH of 7.8 undergoes spontaneously. In the recent experiments, when freshly prepared homologous and heterologous juices were used, their action on chicken fibroblasts in pure culture was identical. However, the fibroblasts produced in cultures nourished by rabbit juice grew better when transferred to rabbit serum than did ordinary chicken fibroblasts. It has not been determined as yet whether this effect is due to an immunization of the fibroblasts against rabbit humors, or to some decrease in the specificity eventuating in cells intermediate between rabbit and chicken fibroblasts. It may be concluded that, under the conditions of the experiments : 1. Pure cultures of chicken fibroblasts increase in mass under the influence of extracts of adult homologous tissues. But they ultimately die while the fibroblasts cultivated in embryonic tissue juices live indefinitely. 2. The increase in mass of chicken fibroblasts cultivated in the juices of mouse, guinea pig, rabbit, and chick embryos is about identical. 3. Chicken fibroblasts produced in cultures nourished by rabbit embryonic tissue juice are less sensitive to the inhibiting action of rabbit serum than ordinary chicken fibroblasts. 4. Cultures of chicken fibroblasts in extracts of adult tissues of mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits increase slightly in mass, but the increase is temporary and death occurs after a few passages.

scholarly journals DEPRESSION OF ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS OF EMBRYONIC TISSUE BY WESTERN STRAIN OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS. PREVENTION OF THIS EFFECT BY SPECIFIC IMMUNE SERUM

1944 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Victor ◽  
C. H. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Embryonic Tissue ◽  
Anaerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
Embryo Chick ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

Studies were made on the effect of mixing the Western strain of equine encephalomyelitis virus (W.E.E.) and embryonic tissue on the rate of anaerobic glycolysis of the tissue. Whole chick embryo, chick embryo from which brain and spinal cord had been removed, and embryonic skeletal muscle were employed. 1. W.E.E. virus depressed the rate of anaerobic glycolysis of embryonic tissues within 2 days after its addition to the tissue. The decrease in anaerobic glycolysis varied from 17 to 82 per cent and was apparent 2 to 4 days after the addition of the virus. No significant effect of the virus was observed 4 hours and 6 days after mixing it with the tissue. 2. Anti-W.E.E. immune serum prevented the inhibiting action of W.E.E. virus on the anaerobic glycolysis of embryonic skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals STUDIES UPON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT CULTURE MEDIA AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON THE GROWTH OF TISSUE OUTSIDE OF THE ORGANISM

1912 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnvald Ingebrigtsen
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Embryonic Tissue ◽  
Adult Tissue ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
Tissue Cells

1. There is a great difference between embryonic and adult tissue as far as their growth outside of the organism is concerned. Adult tissue grows only in plasma. Embryonic tissue grows also very well in serum and serum plus agar. In Ringer's solution and in Ringer's solution plus agar no growth occurs, whether embryonic or adult tissue is employed; survival and emigration of cells are seen to some extent. 2. For the growth of connective tissue cells of chick embryo, unheated homogenic serum is a better culture medium than heated serum. The growth of epithelial cells is not thus influenced. 3. Heated heterogenic serum is a better culture medium for growth of embryonic connective tissue cells than unheated. 4. There is an inverse ratio between the hemolytic power of heterogenic sera and the extent of growth of tissue in them. This inverse ratio is not found in heterogenic plasmas.

Otoconia formation in the chick embryo

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 572-573
Author(s):  
C.D. Fermin ◽  
M. Igarashi
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Basic Fuchsin ◽  
Gestational Period ◽  
Sensory Epithelia ◽  
Transmission Electron

Otoconia are microscopic geometric structures that cover the sensory epithelia of the utricle and saccule (gravitational receptors) of mammals, and the lagena macula of birds. The importance of otoconia for maintanance of the body balance is evidenced by the abnormal behavior of species with genetic defects of otolith. Although a few reports have dealt with otoconia formation, some basic questions remain unanswered. The chick embryo is desirable for studying otoconial formation because its inner ear structures are easily accessible, and its gestational period is short (21 days of incubation).The results described here are part of an intensive study intended to examine the morphogenesis of the otoconia in the chick embryo (Gallus- domesticus) inner ear. We used chick embryos from the 4th day of incubation until hatching, and examined the specimens with light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The embryos were decapitated, and fixed by immersion with 3% cold glutaraldehyde. The ears and their parts were dissected out under the microscope; no decalcification was used. For LM, the ears were embedded in JB-4 plastic, cut serially at 5 micra and stained with 0.2% toluidine blue and 0.1% basic fuchsin in 25% alcohol.

Morphological Examination of a Herpes-type Virus Indigenous for Tree Shrews

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
J. P. Brunschwig ◽  
R. M. McCombs ◽  
R. Mirkovic ◽  
M. Benyesh-Melnick
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Soft Tissue Sarcoma ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Type Virus ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Embryo Cells

A new virus, established as a member of the herpesvirus group by electron microscopy, was isolated from spontaneously degenerating cell cultures derived from the kidneys and lungs of two normal tree shrews. The virus was found to replicate best in cells derived from the homologous species. The cells used were a tree shrew cell line, T-23, which was derived from a spontaneous soft tissue sarcoma. The virus did not multiply or did so poorly for a limited number of passages in human, monkey, rodent, rabbit or chick embryo cells. In the T-23 cells, the virus behaved as members of the subgroup B of herpesvirus, in that the virus remained primarily cell associated.

Scanning electron microscopic study of collagen fibrillogenesis and extracellular compartmentalization in the chick embryo tendon

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
Grace C.H. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Fibroblast Cell ◽  
Collagen Fibrils ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
And Function

The size and organization of collagen fibrils in the extracellular matrix is an important determinant of tissue structure and function. The synthesis and deposition of collagen involves multiple steps which begin within the cell and continue in the extracellular space. High-voltage electron microscopic studies of the chick embryo cornea and tendon suggested that the extracellular space is compartmentalized by the fibroblasts for the regulation of collagen fibril, bundle, and tissue specific macroaggregate formation. The purpose of this study is to gather direct evidence regarding the association of the fibroblast cell surface with newly formed collagen fibrils, and to define the role of the fibroblast in the control and the precise positioning of collagen fibrils, bundles, and macroaggregates during chick tendon development.

vitreal cells and specialized phagocytes in the chick embryo retina: A TEM and SEM study

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
M.A. Cuadros ◽  
M.J. Martinez-Guerrero ◽  
A. Rios
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Free Cells

In the chick embryo retina (days 3-4 of incubation), coinciding with an increase in cell death, specialized phagocytes characterized by intense acid phosphatase activity have been described. In these preparations, all free cells in the vitreal humor (vitreal cells) were strongly labeled. Conventional TEM and SEM techniques were used to characterize them and attempt to determine their relationship with retinal phagocytes.Two types of vitreal cells were distinguished. The first are located at some distance from the basement membrane of the neuroepithelium, and are rounded, with numerous vacuoles and thin cytoplasmic prolongations. Images of exo- and or endocytosis were frequent; the cells showed a well-developed Golgi apparatus (Fig. 1) In SEM images, the cells was covered with short cellular processes (Fig. 3). Cells lying parallel to or alongside the basement membrane are elongated. The plasma membrane is frequently in intimate contact with the basement membrane. These cells have generally a large cytoplasmic expansion (Fig. 5).

Structural Studies on the Eukaryotic Ribosome

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 256-257
Author(s):  
Adriana Verschoor ◽  
Ronald Milligan ◽  
Suman Srivastava ◽  
Joachim Frank
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Eukaryotic Ribosome ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
Reconstruction Methods

We have studied the eukaryotic ribosome from two vertebrate species (rabbit reticulocyte and chick embryo ribosomes) in several different electron microscopic preparations (Fig. 1a-d), and we have applied image processing methods to two of the types of images. Reticulocyte ribosomes were examined in both negative stain (0.5% uranyl acetate, in a double-carbon preparation) and frozen hydrated preparation as single-particle specimens. In addition, chick embryo ribosomes in tetrameric and crystalline assemblies in frozen hydrated preparation have been examined. 2D averaging, multivariate statistical analysis, and classification methods have been applied to the negatively stained single-particle micrographs and the frozen hydrated tetramer micrographs to obtain statistically well defined projection images of the ribosome (Fig. 2a,c). 3D reconstruction methods, the random conical reconstruction scheme and weighted back projection, were applied to the negative-stain data, and several closely related reconstructions were obtained. The principal 3D reconstruction (Fig. 2b), which has a resolution of 3.7 nm according to the differential phase residual criterion, can be compared to the images of individual ribosomes in a 2D tetramer average (Fig. 2c) at a similar resolution, and a good agreement of the general morphology and of many of the characteristic features is seen.Both data sets show the ribosome in roughly the same ’view’ or orientation, with respect to the adsorptive surface in the electron microscopic preparation, as judged by the agreement in both the projected form and the distribution of characteristic density features. The negative-stain reconstruction reveals details of the ribosome morphology; the 2D frozen-hydrated average provides projection information on the native mass-density distribution within the structure. The 40S subunit appears to have an elongate core of higher density, while the 60S subunit shows a more complex pattern of dense features, comprising a rather globular core, locally extending close to the particle surface.

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