Investigation of the energy expended in heating glass raw materials to the melting temperature

1988 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Heide ◽  
R. Franke ◽  
H. G. Schmidt ◽  
R. Strauβberger
Keyword(s):  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Heating Glass

scholarly journals Initial Properties Identification of Refined- and Semi Refined-Carrageenans as Raw Materials for Biodegradable Plastic Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Bakti Berlyanto Sedayu ◽  
Putri Wullandari ◽  
Arif Rahman Hakim ◽  
Dina Fransiska
Keyword(s):  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Rigid Plastic ◽  
Biodegradable Film ◽  
Crystallinity Degree ◽  
Flexible Film ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
Clear Plastic

Powdered refined- and semi-refined carrageenans (RC and SRC) have been characterized as alternative raw materials for industrial bioplastic production. Several basic parameters, i.e., the melting temperature, crystallinity, chemical structure (FTIR), and tensile properties, were observed. The melting temperature of RC was slightly higher than that of SRC, i.e., 176 °C and 172 °C, respectively. These temperatures were corresponded to their crystallinity degree (performed by X-ray diffraction). Nonetheless, the SRC demonstrated an overall higher thermal stability during heating. RC produced a clear transparent film. Meanwhile, SRC was yellowish and less transparent. The overall mechanical properties showed that RC produced more flexible film than SRC. However, both materials showed relatively equal tensile strength. In general, RC and SRC could be potentially used for biodegradable film production with different applications. RC was suitable for a flexible and clear plastic film, whereas SRC was suitable for rigid plastic film applications.

Alternative Soda-Lime Glass Batch to Reduce Energy Consumption

2013 ◽  
Vol 545 ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekarat Meechoowas ◽  
Kanit Tapasa ◽  
Tepiwan Jitwatcharakomol
Keyword(s):  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Glass Batch ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Atmosphere Temperature

Soda-lime glass is produced by melting sand (SiO2), soda ash (Na2CO3), lime stone (CaCO3) together with effective additives such as dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and an important structural modification, alumina (Al2O3) in which the melting temperature is very high around 1500°C. With this reason, to dissolve alumina, high amount of energy is needed. Consequently, one of possibilities to reduce the melting energy is replacing alumina by the raw material with a lower enthalpy of melting. The heat required for melting the batch of raw materials from atmosphere temperature to melting temperature is called exploited heat (Hex), which can be calculated from chemical enthalpy (H°chem) and heat content (Hmelt) at reference temperature (Tex). From thermodynamic approach, chemical enthalpy of alumina is higher than feldspar (KAlSiO3) or pyrophyllite (Al2Si4O10(OH)2). For the glass batch with alumina, the calculated exploited heat is 540 kWh/ton while the batch with feldspar or pyrophyllite is lower, namely 534 and 484 kWh/ton, respectively. This means that the melting process can be emerged easier than the batch with alumina because the melting point of feldspar is around 1200°C and pyrophyllite dehydroxylates around 900°C. The kinetic properties of batch melting were investigated by Batch-Free Time method, which defines the melting ability of the modified batch. According to thermodynamic calculation, it was found that both alternative batches were melted easier. The study showed that feldspar or pyrophyllite could be used instead of alumina without significant changes in glass chemical composition and physical properties. The concern of using feldspar or pyrophyllite is the quantity of minor impurities which affect to the color appearance especially in clear glass products.

scholarly journals Ostrich Fat Production Using Electrolyzed Fluid

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Mariya Gorbacheva ◽  
Vasily Tarasov ◽  
Svetlana Kalmanovich ◽  
Alla Sapozhnikova
Keyword(s):  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Electrochemical Treatment ◽  
Hydrogen Index ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Fat Extraction ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Effective Use

Introduction. The fundamental competitiveness of all food industries is based on two key points. The first one is the effective use of traditional and new raw materials. The second one is a constant upgrade of the technical base by introducing innovative technological solutions and modern equipment. In this aspect, the fat processing industry is no exception. The development of a comprehensive and sustainable processing of ostrich fat can help to obtain rendered fat with specufic properties that can be used in functional foods and cosmetics. The research objective was to improve the parameters of ostrich fat rendering by using electrolyzed fluid in order to obtain a functional fat product of high quality indicators. Study objects and methods. The research featured ostrich fat obtained by wet melting in the aqueous phase of electrolyte (catholyte). A saline solution of sodium chloride (4 g/100cm3) was subjected to electrochemical treatment in an electrolytic bath with a direct current of 0.5–0.6 A and a voltage of 40–42 V. For fat extraction, we used catholyte with the following parameters: pH 9–11, redox potential between –600 and –700 mV. A two-factor experiment helped to improve the technological parameters of fat rendering. Catholyte hydrogen index X1 (Z1) and fat melting temperature X2 (Z2) were chosen as the primary technological parameters. Results and discussion. The processing temperature of raw fat had a significant effect on the fat yield. When the catholyte hydrogen index and the temperature were increased, it had a negative effect on fat extraction. The acid value of ostrich fat was significantly affected by the pH of catholyte. The inactivating effect of catholytic action on the enzymatic processes resulted in low values of peroxide fat. Conclusion. The research provided the following optimal range for producing ostrich fat with improved consumer properties: hydrogen index = 10.5–11.0, melting temperature = 60.0–100.00°C.

Characterization and Phase Evolution of Cordierite Based Glass Synthesis from Pure Oxide and Minerals

2010 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 196-201
Author(s):  
Johar Banjuraizah ◽  
Mohamad Hasmaliza ◽  
Zainal Arifin Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Grinding Media ◽  
Pure Oxide

α Cordierite is very important phase in MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system because of their very outstanding thermal, chemical and electrical properties. In this presents study non-stoichiometry cordierite (MgO:Al2O3:SiO2 = 3:1.5:5) using 2 different initial raw materials ( (i)mixture of pure oxide, and ii) mainly mixture of minerals) were fabricated and compared in terms of phase transformation and physical properties. Cordierite was prepared by glass method at low melting temperature (1350oC). Low melting temperature has resulted in partly crystalline glass which has possesses higher hardness, required longer milling time and result in contamination from grinding media. However, α-cordierite has successfully crystallized and fully densified at 850oC/2h. Activation energy for densification was investigated from thermal expansion coefficient (TCE) results. Other properties that were discussed included thermal properties using DTA/TGA.

scholarly journals TECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF THE USE OF SALTED TROUT IN THE PRODUCTION OF MELTED CHEESE

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
A. I. Yashkin ◽  
Yu. S. Vyugova
Keyword(s):  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fish Fillet ◽  
Processed Cheese ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Technological Potential ◽  
Initial Stage

The use of raw materials obtained from the products of river and sea fishing in the technology of melted cheeses is a promising direction of food combinatorics. The aim of the work was to study and develop the technology of processed cheese enriched with meat ща salted rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). At the stage of development of the formulation of the combined product, the dosages of introducing the crushed fish fillet in the range from 2 % to 15 % to the mass of the raw material were tested. The fish meat was introduced at the stage of preparation of the mixture and during the melting of the cheese mass. The dosage of the fish component in the amount of 10 % introduced into the mass at the initial stage of melting the product is justified. The analysis of the microstructure of the produced cheeses showed that with the increase in the melting temperature and the amount of fish introduced, the tissues of the latter form a threadlike structure in the product, penetrating the components of the cheese mass. The effective melting temperature of the combined mixture is 85 °C, which allows to obtain a high-quality product. Increasing the melting temperature from 70 °C to 90 °C contributes to a systematic decrease in viscosity and yield strength of the cheese mass by 29 % from 82 to 58 Pa. The shelf life of enriched processed cheese, which is 50 days. During the storage period of the finished product, microbiological stability is noted against the background of a decrease in the active acidity of cheese from pH 5.87 to pH 5.54.

Microstructural characterization of laser-melted/roller-quenched dicalcium silicate

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 582-583
Author(s):  
C. J. Chan ◽  
K. R. Venkatachari ◽  
W. M. Kriven ◽  
J. F. Young
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Particle Size Effect ◽  
Dicalcium Silicate ◽  
Laser Melting ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
Cell Shape Change ◽  
Wide Range

Dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4) is a major component of Portland cement. It has also been investigated as a potential transformation toughener alternative to zirconia. It has five polymorphs: α, α'H, α'L, β and γ. Of interest is the β-to-γ transformation on cooling at about 490°C. This transformation, accompanied by a 12% volume increase and a 4.6° unit cell shape change, is analogous to the tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation in zirconia. Due to the processing methods used, previous studies into the particle size effect were limited by a wide range of particle size distribution. In an attempt to obtain a more uniform size, a fast quench rate involving a laser-melting/roller-quenching technique was investigated.The laser-melting/roller-quenching experiment used precompacted bars of stoichiometric γ-Ca2SiO4 powder, which were synthesized from AR grade CaCO3 and SiO2xH2O. The raw materials were mixed by conventional ceramic processing techniques, and sintered at 1450°C. The dusted γ-Ca2SiO4 powder was uniaxially pressed into 0.4 cm x 0.4 cm x 4 cm bars under 34 MPa and cold isostatically pressed under 172 MPa. The γ-Ca2SiO4 bars were melted by a 10 KW-CO2 laser.

Crystallization of barium hexaferrite

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 362-363
Author(s):  
Chung-kook Lee ◽  
Yolande Berta ◽  
Robert F. Speyer
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Barium Hexaferrite ◽  
Recording Media ◽  
Magnetic Recording Media ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Crystallization Method ◽  
Temperature Heat ◽  
High Density Magnetic Recording ◽  
Temperature Heat Treatment

Barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) is a promising candidate for high density magnetic recording media due to its superior magnetic properties. For particulate recording media, nano-sized single crystalline powders with a narrow size distribution are a primary application requirement. The glass-crystallization method is preferred because of the controllability of crystallization kinetics, hence, particle size and size distribution. A disadvantage of this method is the need to melt raw materials at high temperatures with non-reactive crucibles, e.g. platinum. However, in this work, we have shown that crystal growth of barium hexaferrite occurred during low temperature heat treatment of raw batches.

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