Discrepancies in susceptibility test results for imipenem employing different in vitro test methods and DIN 58 940 breakpoints

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
H. Grimm ◽  
C. Hauss ◽  
A. C. Rodloff
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Vitro Test

Animal Models and Alternatives in the Quality Control of Vaccines: Are In Vitro Methods or In Vivo Methods the Scientific Equivalent of the Emperor's New Clothes?

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
Coenraad Hendriksen ◽  
Johan van der Gun
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Vitro Test

In the quality control of vaccine batches, the potency testing of inactivated vaccines is one of the areas requiring very large numbers of animals, which usually suffer significant distress as a result of the experimental procedures employed. This article deals with the potency testing of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, two vaccines which are used extensively throughout the world. The relevance of the potency test prescribed by the European Pharmacopoeia monographs is questioned. The validity of the potency test as a model for the human response, the ability of the test to be standardised, and the relevance of the test in relation to the quality of the product are discussed. It is concluded that the potency test has only limited predictive value for the antitoxin responses to be expected in recipients of these toxoids. An alternative approach for estimating the potency of toxoid batches is discussed, in which a distinction is made between estimation of the immunogenic potency of the first few batches obtained from a seed lot and monitoring the consistency of the quality of subsequent batches. The use of animals is limited to the first few batches. Monitoring the consistency of the quality of subsequent batches is based on in vitro test methods. Factors which hamper the introduction and acceptance of the alternative approach are considered. Finally, proposals are made for replacement, reduction and/or refinement (the Three Rs) in the use of animals in the routine potency testing of toxoids.

Animal, human, and in vitro test methods for predicting skin irritation

2012 ◽  
pp. 268-273
Author(s):  
Yakir S. Levin ◽  
Cheryl L. Levin ◽  
Howard I. Maibach
Keyword(s):  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Vitro Test

An update on in vitro test methods in human hepatic drug biotransformation research: pros and cons

2003 ◽  
Vol 189 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther F.A Brandon ◽  
Christiaan D Raap ◽  
Irma Meijerman ◽  
Jos H Beijnen ◽  
Jan H.M Schellens
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Hepatic Drug ◽  
Drug Biotransformation ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Vitro Test

scholarly journals Inhibition of Biofilm Formation in Bacteria by Essential Oils: تثبيط تكون البيوفيلم في البكتيريا بواسطة الزيوت العطرية

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashaeal Saud Alshilawi, Howard Foster
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Research Question ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Black Seed ◽  
Vitro Test

The formation of S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa biofilms were successfully inhibited in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of S. aromaticum (clove) and L. angustifolia (lavender) essential oils. These substances achieved good in-vitro test results. On the other hand, pure and organic types of N. sativa (black seed) essential oil did not exhibit any inhibitory effects on the biofilm formed by the tested bacteria. Although the tested essential oils may share a similar mechanism of action, ANOVA analysis showed strong statistical differences between all essential oils at their sub-MIC levels, and also identified two different trends, biofilm inhibitors, represented by S. aromaticum (clove) and L. angustifolia (lavender) oils, and biofilm stimulators, represented by both types of N. sativa (black seed) oils. A more thorough perspective on the research question could be achieved by considering the various elements that have essentially contributed to the processes and the findings within this study.

scholarly journals In-Body Electromagnetic Sensor Combined with AI-Enhanced Electrocardiography for Pacemaker Working Status Telemonitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Wu Lu ◽  
Ranran Ding ◽  
Bingjie Wu ◽  
Wenbin Zhao ◽  
Dong Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Wireless Data ◽  
Wireless Data Transmission ◽  
Analog Front End ◽  
Electromagnetic Sensor ◽  
Vitro Test ◽  
Working Status ◽  
Contact Electrodes

This paper describes the design and implementation of an in-body electromagnetic sensor for patients with implanted pacemakers. The sensor can either be mounted on myocardial tissue and monitor the electrocardiography (ECG) with contact electrodes or implanted under the skin and monitor the ECG with coaxial leads. A 16-bit high-resolution analog front-end (AFE) and an energy-efficient 32-bit CPU are used for instantaneous ECG recording. Wireless data transmission between the sensor and clinician’s computer is achieved by an embedded low-power Bluetooth transmitter. In order to automatically recognize the working status of the pacemaker and alarm the episodes of arrhythmias caused by pacemaker malfunctions, pacing mode classification and fault diagnosis on the recorded ECG were achieved based on an AI algorithm, i.e., a resource allocation network (RAN). A prototype of the sensor was implemented on a human torso, and the in vitro test results prove that the sensor can work properly for the 1-4-meter transmission range.

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