Water use and sodium chloride uptake by apple trees

1978 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 51-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. West
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Chloride Uptake

Water use and sodium chloride uptake by apple trees

1978 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. West
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Chloride Uptake

scholarly journals Estimating the Root Water Uptake of Surface-Irrigated Apples Using Water Stable Isotopes and the Hydrus-1D Model

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijian Zheng ◽  
Juanjuan Ma ◽  
Xihuan Sun ◽  
Xianghong Guo ◽  
Qiyun Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
1D Model ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Hydrus 1D

The future production of irrigated fruit orchards in the Loess Plateau of China is threatened by a shortage of freshwater. To improve water use efficiency under conditions where irrigation is limited, it is necessary to quantify the root water uptake (RWU) of apple trees. The RWU of apple trees was estimated under surface irrigation using water stable isotope technology and the Hydrus-1D model. Using the Romero-Saltos and IsoSource models, the stable isotopes of water in stems, different soil depths, and different precipitation were analyzed in a 5-year-old dwarfing apple orchard during two seasons 2016 and 2017. Hydrus-1D model was able to simulate the RWU of apple using the maximum coefficient of determination (0.9), providing a root mean square error of 0.019 cm3 cm−3 and a relative error of 2.25%. The results showed that the main depth of RWU ranged from 0–60 cm during the growth season, with the main contribution occurring in the 0–40 cm depth. These findings indicated that reducing the traditional surface irrigation depth will be important for improving the irrigation water use efficiency.

scholarly journals Water use of young apple trees related to leaf area development

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lakatos ◽  
T. Bubán
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Thermal Dissipation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Granier Method ◽  
Sap Flow Velocity ◽  
Seasonal Water Use ◽  
Monteith Equation ◽  
Area Development

Present paper describes an investigation concerning seasonal water use and foliage area development of apple trees. Sap flow velocity was measured in the trunks of five years old apple trees cv. `Florina'/M.26 by a thermal dissipation (Granier) method from 20th of May to the end of September in 1998. The development of foliage area was estimated by a method including leaf area measurements, recording of leaves and shoot length. The foliage area reached to 70% of the maximum yearly value at beginning of June. The remaining 30% developed to the end of August. The leaf area specific water use was considerable higher in June and July, than in second part of summer. The trends of ET-FAO and water use curves differed mostly in the late season: the ET-FAO curve falls quite in September compared to August, whereas the value of water use was a similar as in August. This insensitivity of ET-FAO in this period may be a great disadvantage while using the Penman-Monteith equation in irrigation scheduling of apple.

Salinity Damage to Norfolk Island Pines Caused by Surfactants. I. The Nature of the Problem and Effect of Potassium, Sodium and Chloride Concentration on Uptake by Roots

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Truman ◽  
MJ Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Potassium Sodium ◽  
Chloride Uptake ◽  
Araucaria Heterophylla ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Norfolk Island ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

As part of an investigation into the deterioration of Norfolk Island pine, Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco, on the coast of eastern Australia, seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions in which sodium was substituted for potassium over the range 0.1 - 2.1 mM to give six treatments, each with four ratios of sulfate to chloride. Potassium was freely taken up and translocated to the shoots, the levels in the shoots being higher than those in the roots. However, the levels of potassium in both shoots and roots were significantly reduced in solutions in which sulfate predominated over chloride. Uptake and translocation of sodium was restricted, the ratio of sodium (shoots) to sodium (roots) being less than unity. The concentration of chloride in the shoots and roots generally increased with increasing solution chloride concentration but was significantly reduced at the lowest potassium-to-sodium ratio. In a second experiment the ratio of sodium to potassium was kept at 50:1, sodium and chloride in the solutions increasing from 2.5 to 460 mM and potassium from 0.05 to 9.2 mM. At the lower concentrations, uptake and translocation followed similar patterns to those found in the first experiment. However at solution concentrations of 20 mM sodium and above, levels of sodium in the shoots exceeded those of potassium and chloride. At sodium chloride concentrations of 260mM - 460mM, plants showed toxic symptoms with salt encrustations appearing on the stems. Analysis of the saturation extracts of soils taken from beneath affected seaside trees showed that the concentrations of sodium and chloride were not sufficiently high to account for the high levels of these elements found in the shoots of affected trees.

Age- and climate- related water use patterns of apple trees on China’s Loess Plateau

2020 ◽  
Vol 582 ◽  
pp. 124462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaofei Wang ◽  
Juan An ◽  
Xining Zhao ◽  
Xiaodong Gao ◽  
Pute Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Water Use Patterns

IRRIGATION SUBSURFACE RETURN FLOWS AND WATER USE IN LYSIMETERS CONTAINING APPLE TREES

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. STEVENSON
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Return Flows

For 9 yr, subsurface return flow measurements from irrigated lysimeters containing "Macspur McIntosh" apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on MM 111 rootstocks were collected. Water use with and without a grass cover crop was calculated as irrigation plus summer precipitation minus drainage. Drainages were consistently and significantly lower, and therefore water use higher, under grass than under bare soil but the differences were not large. The times of irrigation and drainage events were not closely linked. Drainage followed irrigation anywhere from a day to many days, stretching at times into weeks or months. By far the largest drainages, however, occurred during the irrigation season. Irrigation amounts provided most of the water for return flows with summer or winter precipitation contributing little to the drainage. At the higher irrigation levels the return flow quantities and calculated water use quantities clearly indicate that sprinkler design flow quantities are too high for the area and that improvements in irrigation efficiencies are possible. Key words: Drainage, irrigation, lysimeters, water use, apple trees

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