Determination of the degree of acetylation of chitin and chitosan by thermal analysis

1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Garcia Alonso ◽  
C. Peniche-Covas ◽  
J. M. Nieto
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Degree Of Acetylation ◽  
Chitin And Chitosan

Solid State NMR for Determination of Degree of Acetylation of Chitin and Chitosan

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 746-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Heux ◽  
J. Brugnerotto ◽  
J. Desbrières ◽  
M.-F. Versali ◽  
M. Rinaudo
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Nmr ◽  
Degree Of Acetylation ◽  
Chitin And Chitosan

Applications of Thermal Analytical Procedures in the Study of Elastomers and Elastomer Systems

1980 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Brazier
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Evolved Gas Analysis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
International Standards ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Single Experiment ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Abstract An attempt has been made to review the development of thermoanalytical procedures as they have been applied to elastomers and elastomer systems over the past 10 years. For all rubber industry products, temperature and its effects, either alone or in conjunction with the chemical environment, play an important role from the production stage through to the final failure of the product in the field. It is thus not surprising that thermal analysis, in which temperature is the prime variable, has found such diverse applications in elastomer studies. The identification and quantitative analysis of rubber formulations have received most attention. Such formulations produce characteristic “fingerprints” when studied in DTA, DSC, TG, or TMA. In DSC, the determination of the glass transition characteristics, the observation and determination of crystallinity, the detection of cyclization reactions, and the monitoring of thermal and oxidative degradation characteristics can all be observed in a single experiment covering the temperature range from −150 to +600°C. At normal heating rates, e.g., 20°C/min, such information is available in 40 min. TG/DTG analysis can yield the elastomer or elastomers content, oil and plasticizer, carbon black (level and often type), and inorganic ash in less than 60 min. Processing and curing can also be studied. Blend compatibility can be assessed on the basis of both Tg and crystallinity measurements and the data used to determine optimum mixing times. Sulfur vulcanization and peroxide curing of elastomers is readily monitored by DSC and can be used for confirmation analysis of the presence of curatives. Limitations in such analysis exist, but as understanding and ability to interpret cure exotherms increase, valuable information about the mechanism and the nature of the cured network will be obtained. The testing of rubber compounds involves many hours of labor by current procedures. The rapidity of thermal analysis promises to offer some relief. In addition to DSC and TG, TMA, a relatively new technique, offers a rapid approach to low-temperature testing. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) offers a rapid route to determining dynamic properties, but as yet, relatively little has been published on the application of this new technique to elastomers. As environmental concern increases, techniques such as evolved gas analysis (EGA) and combined techniques such as TG/gas chromatography are predicted to play an important role. As for the future, it is readily apparent that the principles of the methods have been established and, in several cases, it now remains to reduce them to a practical level. In some areas, such as vulcanization studies, much remains to be undertaken to improve our interpretive skills. Although there is some indication that certain industries have produced “in-house” standards for the analysis of rubber compounds by DSC and TG/DTG, it will only be when national and international standards organizations study and produce standard procedures, that the techniques will be generally adopted. Maurer's prediction in 1969 of increased applications of DTA and TG in elastomer studies has undoubtedly proved correct, and with the proliferation of reliable commercial instrumentation, significant developments can be anticipated in the next decade.

Optimal routine conditions for the determination of the degree of acetylation of chitosan by 1H-NMR

2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Fernandez-Megia ◽  
Ramón Novoa-Carballal ◽  
Emilio Quiñoá ◽  
Ricardo Riguera
Keyword(s):  
1H Nmr ◽  
Degree Of Acetylation

Solidification Process, Microstructure, Density and Hardness of the Mg-Al Alloys with Zn, Cu, Ni and AlTiB Additions

2011 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Franciszek Binczyk
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Solidification Process ◽  
Al Alloys ◽  
Pouring Temperature ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Solidification Parameters ◽  
Microstructure Density

The paper presents the results of the investigations of the solidification process of magnesium alloys containing 5 and 10 wt.% Al, the additions of Zn, Cu, Ni, and of an AlTiB master alloy. The plotted DTA (derivative thermal analysis) curves were used for the determination of solidification parameters Tliq, Teut and Tsol. Knowledge of these parameters is very important in determination of alloy pouring temperature and maximum casting operating temperature. On samples taken from the area of temperature measurements, the chemical composition and microstructure were determined. The density and hardness HB were measured as well. Applying the method of multiple regression analysis at the significance level α = 0.1, the intensity and direction of the effect of alloying elements on the solidification parameters, density and hardness HB of castings were evaluated.

scholarly journals Prediction and measurement of selected phase transformation temperatures of steels

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Martiník ◽  
B. Smetana ◽  
J. Dobrovská ◽  
A. Kalup ◽  
S. Zlá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Transformation Temperatures ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Computational Thermodynamic ◽  
Peritectic Transition

The study deals with precise determination of phase transformation temperatures of steel. A series of experimental measurements were carried out by Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Direct Thermal Analysis (TA) to obtain temperatures very close to the equilibrium temperatures. There are presented results from the high temperatures region, above 1000?C, with focus on the solidus temperatures (TS), peritectic transition (TP) and liquidus (TL) of multicomponent steels. The data obtained were verified by statistical evaluation and compared with computational thermodynamic and empirical calculations. The calculations were performed using 15 empirical equations obtained by literature research (10 for TL and 5 for TS), as well as by software InterDendritic Solidification (IDS) and Thermo-Calc (2015b, TCFE8; TC). It was verified that both thermo-analytical methods used are set correctly; the results are reproducible, comparable and close to equilibrium state.

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