Metal ion-tetracycline interactions in biological fluids. Part 3. Formation of mixed-metal ternary complexes of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline with calcium and magnesium, and their involvement in the bioavailability of these antibiotics in blood plasma

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 743-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Lambs ◽  
Michel Brion ◽  
Guy Berthon
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Ternary Complexes ◽  
Mixed Metal ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
In Blood Plasma

scholarly journals Identifying and Quantifying Cannabinoids in Biological Matrices in the Medical and Legal Cannabis Era

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 888-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L Karschner ◽  
Madeleine J Swortwood-Gates ◽  
Marilyn A Huestis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Biological Matrices ◽  
Clinical And Forensic Toxicology ◽  
In Blood Plasma

Abstract Background Cannabinoid analyses generally included, until recently, the primary psychoactive cannabis compound, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and/or its inactive metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC, in blood, plasma, and urine. Technological advances revolutionized the analyses of major and minor phytocannabinoids in diverse biological fluids and tissues. An extensive literature search was conducted in PubMed for articles on cannabinoid analyses from 2000 through 2019. References in acquired manuscripts were also searched for additional articles. Content This article summarizes analytical methodologies for identification and quantification of multiple phytocannabinoids (including THC, cannabidiol, cannabigerol, and cannabichromene) and their precursors and/or metabolites in blood, plasma, serum, urine, oral fluid, hair, breath, sweat, dried blood spots, postmortem matrices, breast milk, meconium, and umbilical cord since the year 2000. Tables of nearly 200 studies outline parameters including analytes, specimen volume, instrumentation, and limits of quantification. Important diagnostic and interpretative challenges of cannabinoid analyses are also described. Medicalization and legalization of cannabis and the 2018 Agricultural Improvement Act increased demand for cannabinoid analyses for therapeutic drug monitoring, emergency toxicology, workplace and pain-management drug testing programs, and clinical and forensic toxicology applications. This demand is expected to intensify in the near future, with advances in instrumentation performance, increasing LC-MS/MS availability in clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories, and the ever-expanding knowledge of the potential therapeutic use and toxicity of phytocannabinoids. Summary Cannabinoid analyses and data interpretation are complex; however, major and minor phytocannabinoid detection windows and expected concentration ranges in diverse biological matrices improve the interpretation of cannabinoid test results.

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