The evolution of sex and the role of sex in evolution

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 1231-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Stearns
Keyword(s):  
Evolution Of Sex

scholarly journals Genomics of expanded avian sex chromosomes shows that certain chromosomes are predisposed towards sex-linkage in vertebrates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Sigeman ◽  
Suvi Ponnikas ◽  
Pallavi Chauhan ◽  
Elisa Dierickx ◽  
M. de L. Brooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Sex Linkage ◽  
Evolution Of Sex ◽  
Fourth Chromosome ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Genomic Regions

ABSTRACTSex chromosomes have evolved from the same autosomes multiple times across vertebrates, suggesting that certain genomic regions are predisposed towards sex-linkage. However, to test this hypothesis detailed studies of independently originated sex-linked regions and their gene content are needed. Here we address this problem through comparative genomics of birds where multiple chromosomes appear to have formed neo-sex chromosomes: larks (Alaudidae; Sylvioidea). We detected the largest known avian sex chromosome (195.3 Mbp) and show that it originates from fusions between (parts of) four avian chromosomes (Z, 3, 4A and 5). We found evidence of five evolutionary strata where recombination has been suppressed at different time points, and that these time points correlate with the level of Z–W gametolog differentiation. We show that there is extensive homology to sex chromosomes in other vertebrate lineages: three of the fused chromosomes (Z, 4A, 5) have independently evolved into sex chromosomes in fish (Z), turtles (Z, 5), lizards (Z, 4A) and mammals (Z, 4A). Moreover, we found that the fourth chromosome, chromosome 3, was significantly enriched for genes with predicted sex-specific functions. These results support a key role of chromosome content in the evolution of sex chromosomes in vertebrates.

scholarly journals Genesis or Evolution of Gender Differences? Worldview-based Dilemmas in The Processing of Scientific Information

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Lewandowsky ◽  
Jan Woike ◽  
Klaus Oberauer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Evolution Of Sex ◽  
The Public ◽  
Alternative Medicines ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Large N

Some issues that have been settled by the scientific community, such as evolution, the effectiveness of vaccinations, and the role of CO2 emissions in climate change, continue to be rejected by segments of the public. This rejection is typically driven by people's worldviews, and to date most research has found that conservatives are uniformly more likely to reject scientific findings than liberals across a number of domains. We report a large (N>1,000) preregistered study that addresses two questions: First, can we find science denial on the left?Endorsement of pseudoscientific complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) has been anecdotally cited as being more consonant with liberals than conservatives. Against this claim, we found more support for CAM among conservatives than liberals. Second, we asked how liberals and conservatives resolve dilemmas in which an issue triggers two opposing facets of their worldviews. We probed attitudes on gender equality and the evolution of sex differences---two constructs that may create conflicts for liberals (who endorse evolution but also equality) and conservatives (who endorse gender differences but are sceptical of evolution). We find that many conservatives reject both gender equality and evolution of sex differences, and instead embrace ``naturally occurring'' gender differences. Many liberals, by contrast, reject evolved gender differences, as well as naturally occurring gender differences, while nonetheless strongly endorsing evolution.

scholarly journals The role of repetitive DNA in structure and evolution of sex chromosomes in plants

Heredity ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Kejnovsky ◽  
R Hobza ◽  
T Cermak ◽  
Z Kubat ◽  
B Vyskot
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Evolution Of Sex

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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