Magnetic monopoles: Evidence since the Dirac conjecture

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blas Cabrera ◽  
W. Peter Trower
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Dirac Conjecture

Existence of magnetic monopoles in higher dimensions is analogous to unipolar gravity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Higher Dimensions ◽  
Closed Surface ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Surface Integral ◽  
Flux Tubes ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Net Flux ◽  
Field Lines ◽  
The Universe

Gravity has been leaking in higher dimensions in the bulk. Gravity being a closed string is not attached or does not have any endpoints unlike photons to any Dirichlet (p)-Branes and therefore can travel inter-dimensional without any hindrance. In LHC, CERN, Gravitons are difficult to detect as they last for such a short span of time and in most of the cases invisible as because they can escape to higher spatial dimensions to the maximum of 10, as per 'M'-Theory. Gravity being one of the 4-Fundamental forces is weaker than all 3 (strong and weak nuclear force, electromagnetism) and therefore a famous problem has been made in particle physics called the 'hierarchy problem'. Through comprehensive analysis and research I have come to the conclusion that if dimension is 5 (or 4 if we neglect the temporal dimensions) then an old approach is there for the compactification of the dimensions as per Kaluza-Klein theory and the most important implications of this theory is that an unification of electromagnetism with gravitation occurs in the fifth dimensions, therefore we can conclude that both the charge (electric as well as magnetic and gravity) are dependent of each other in case of Dimensions greater than 4 (5 if time is added). Now, basic principles of electromagnetic theory states that the field-flux density through a closed surface like a T 2 Torus when integrated over the surface area leads to a zero flux. That means there is no flux outside this closed surface integral. However, if the surface is open then the field flux density is not zero and this preserves the concept of magnetic monopoles. However, in a paper in 1931,[1] Dirac approaches monopole theory of magnetism through a different perspectives that, if all the electrical charges of the universe is quantized[2] then there is a suitable (not yet proved though) existence of monopoles; however this are not well understood as of today's scenario. In condensed matter physics, plasma physics and magneto hydrodynamics, there are flux tubes and as the both ends of the flux tubes are independent of each other then the net flux through the cylinder is zero as the amount of field lines entering the tube on one side is equal to the amount of field lines exit from the other end. And in the sides of the cylinder or the flux tube there is no escape of field lines, hence, net flux is conserved. There also exists a type of 'Quasiparticles' that can act as a monopole.[3][4][5] Now, from the perspectives of the Guess law of electromagnetism, if there exists a magnetic monopole then the net charge or flux density over a surface is not zero rather the divergence of the flux density B is 4 [6]and an alternative approach of the 'monopole' can be achieved by increasing the spatial dimensions by a factor of 1 or more. The Gravity has no such poles and therefore can be considered as a unipolar flux density existing throughout the universe and is applicable to the inverse square law of decreasing magnitude via distance as 1/r 2. However, a magnet is always of bipolar with a north and South Pole. If a magnet can be broken then also the broken parts develop the other poles and become bipolar. However, there are tiny domains inside a magnet and if a magnet can be heated to approx. 700℃ then all the poles disappeared and if its cooled quickly, rather very quickly then the tiny domains inside the magnet would not get enough time to rearrange themselves and multipolar magnet is developed therefore to preserve the bipolar properties, the magnet should be cooled slowly allowing the time given to the tiny domains top rearrange themselves. Therefore, even multipole can be achieved quite easily but not the monopoles. So, the equation for a closed surface integral of a flux density without monopole is ∯(S) B dS = 0 or ∇ • B = 0 and that closed surface can be considered as 2 types namely (we will discuss about torus) as because in string theory compactification of higher spatial dimensions occurs in torus.

scholarly journals Comment on “Massive electrodynamics and the magnetic monopoles”

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dunia ◽  
Timothy J. Evans ◽  
Douglas Singleton
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Monopoles

scholarly journals Primordial monopoles and strings, inflation, and gravity waves

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydeep Chakrabortty ◽  
George Lazarides ◽  
Rinku Maji ◽  
Qaisar Shafi
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Cosmic Strings ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Gauge Coupling ◽  
String Tension ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Intermediate Scale ◽  
Tension Parameter ◽  
The Universe

Abstract We consider magnetic monopoles and strings that appear in non-supersymmetric SO(10) and E6 grand unified models paying attention to gauge coupling unification and proton decay in a variety of symmetry breaking schemes. The dimensionless string tension parameter Gμ spans the range 10−6− 10−30, where G is Newton’s constant and μ is the string tension. We show how intermediate scale monopoles with mass ∼ 1013− 1014 GeV and flux ≲ 2.8 × 10−16 cm−2s−1sr−1, and cosmic strings with Gμ ∼ 10−11− 10−10 survive inflation and are present in the universe at an observable level. We estimate the gravity wave spectrum emitted from cosmic strings taking into account inflation driven by a Coleman-Weinberg potential. The tensor-to-scalar ratio r lies between 0.06 and 0.003 depending on the details of the inflationary scenario.

Magnetic Monopoles: Where Are They and Where Aren't They?

1970 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 958-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Fleischer ◽  
H. R. Hart ◽  
I. S. Jacobs ◽  
P. B. Price ◽  
W. M. Schwarz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Monopoles

Existence of magnetic monopoles in the unified field theory

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 4802-4805
Author(s):  
J. Balog ◽  
P. Hraskó
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Unified Field Theory ◽  
Unified Field
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