Effects of cortisol on gill chloride cell morphology and ionic uptake in the freshwater trout,Salmo gairdneri

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Laurent ◽  
Steve F. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ionic Uptake

The interrelationships between gill chloride cell morphology and ionic uptake in four freshwater teleosts

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 1775-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Perry ◽  
G. G. Goss ◽  
P. Laurent
Keyword(s):  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Interspecific Variability ◽  
Fractional Area ◽  
Ionic Uptake ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Freshwater Teleosts

We have investigated the role of the gill chloride cell in transbranchial Na+ and Cl− uptake in four species of freshwater teleost maintained in water of identical ionic composition. The basic experimental protocol was to determine whether interspecific variability in the rates of whole body Na+ or Cl− uptake could be accounted for by similar interspecific variability in the fractional area of branchial chloride cells exposed to the external environment. To investigate the underlying cause(s) of intraspecific variability, chronic (10 day) treatment with cortisol in each species was used as a tool to evoke variations in both the rates of ionic uptake and chloride cell morphology. Examination of transmission and scanning electron micrographs revealed distinctive chloride cell and pavement cell morphology in each species. The results of quantitative morphometry, based on analysis of scanning electron micrographs, demonstrated that European eel (Anguilla anguilla) possessed the lowest chloride cell fractional area on the filament epithelium (11 288 ± 2133 μm2/mm2) followed, in increasing order, by brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus; 48 341 ± 7694 μm2/mm2), tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus; 85 194 ± 10 326 μm2/mm2), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; 146 333 ± 31 356 μm2/mm2). With the exception of rainbow trout, chronic treatment with cortisol caused significant increases in the chloride cell fractional area of filament epithelium owing to enlargement of the surface area of individual chloride cells and (or) proliferation of chloride cells. Both the inter- and intra-specific differences in chloride cell fractional area were reflected by similar differences in whole body Cl− and Na+ uptake. The results of correlation analysis revealed (with the exception of whole body Na+ uptake in A. anguilla) significant correlations between chloride cell fractional area and the rates of ionic uptake within and among the four species that were examined. These data suggest that the chloride cell is a significant site of ionic uptake in freshwater teleosts and that both inter- and intra-specific differences in the rates of ionic uptake can be explained by variability in the surface area of chloride cells on the gill epithelia.

scholarly journals Adaptational Responses of Rainbow Trout to Lowered External Nacl Concentration: Contribution of the Branchial Chloride Cell

1989 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVE F. PERRY ◽  
PIERRE LAURENT
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Ionic Fluxes ◽  
Area 5

1. Whole-body ionic fluxes and gill chloride cell (CC) morphology were monitored in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed acutely or chronically to natural fresh water (NFW; [Na+]=0.120 mmoll−1; [Cr]=0.164 mmoll−1) or artificially prepared fresh water with reduced [NaCl] (AFW; [Na+]=0.017 mmoll−1; [CT]=0.014 mmoll−1). 2. Net fluxes of Na+ (JnetNa) and Cl− (JnetCl) became extremely negative (indicating net NaCl loss to the environment) upon immediate exposure to AFW exclusively as a result of reduced NaCl influx (JinNa and JinNa). JnetNa and JnetCl were gradually restored to control rates during prolonged (30 days) exposure to AFW. 3. The restoration of JnetCl in AFW was due both to increased JinCl and to reduced Cl− efflux (JoutCl) whereas the primary response contributing to the restoration of JnetNa a t was an increase of JNain. 4. The total apical surface area of branchial CCs exposed to the external environment increased markedly after 24 h in AFW and remained elevated for 1 month as a consequence of enlargement of individual CCs and, to a lesser extent, increased CC density. JinNa and JinNa were correlated significantly with total CC apical surface area. 5. Plasma cortisol levels rose transiently in fish exposed to AFW. Treatment of NFW-adapted fish with cortisol for 10 days (a protocol known to cause CC proliferation) caused pronounced increases in JinCl and JinNa, as measured in both NFW and AFW. 6. These results suggest that an important adaptational response of rainbow trout to low environmental [NaCl] is cortisol-mediated enlargement of branchial epithelial CCs which, in turn, enhances the NaCl-transporting capacity of the gill as a result of the proliferation of Na+ and Cl− transport sites.

Branchial Ionic Uptake and Acid-Base Regulation in the Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri

1981 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-303
Author(s):  
S. F. PERRY ◽  
M. S. HASWELL ◽  
D. J. RANDALL ◽  
A. P. FARRELL
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Hypercapnic Acidosis ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Bathing Medium ◽  
Sodium Uptake ◽  
Chloride Uptake ◽  
Disulphonic Acid ◽  
Ionic Uptake

1. Amiloride (10−4 M) inhibited sodium uptake in rainbow trout by 78% and was associated with a pronounced acidosis and decreases in both plasma total CO2 (Tcoco2)* and [HCO3−]. 2. 4-acetamido-4′-iso-thiocyanatostilbene-2,2′ disulphonic acid (SITS) (10−4M) in the bathing medium inhibited chloride uptake by 66% and following 6 h a significant decrease in plasma [H+] and significant increases in TCOCO2 and [HCO3−] were observed. 3. Inhibition of chloride uptake (50%) with external sodium bicarbonate (12 mM) resulted in a more rapid and pronounced alkalosis than did SITS inhibition. 4. Hypercapnic acidosis had no significant effect on the rates of branchial sodium and chloride uptake. 5. Increasing the concentration of sodium in the bathing water resulted in a less pronounced acidosis and a more rapid pH recovery during hypercapnia. 6. These results are discussed with reference to the gill as an acid-base regulating structure. These findings are consistent with a gill model previously presented by Haswell, Randall & Perry (1980).

The effects of changes in salinity on osmoregulation and chloride cell morphology of juvenile Australian snapper, Pagrus auratus

Aquaculture ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 272 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 656-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Stewart Fielder ◽  
Geoff L. Allan ◽  
Debbie Pepperall ◽  
Patricia M. Pankhurst
Keyword(s):  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Pagrus Auratus

Effects of a low-Ca2+ environment on branchial chloride cell morphology in chum salmon fry and immunolocalization of Ca2+-ATPase in chloride cells

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 1100-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuhisa Uchida ◽  
Sanae Hasegawa ◽  
Toyoji Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Immunocytochemical Staining ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Morphological Evidence

To clarify the involvement of branchial chloride cells in Ca2+ uptake in fresh water (FW), chloride-cell morphology was compared in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry acclimated to defined FWs with different Ca2+ concentrations (0, 0.1, and 0.5 mM). Using immunocytochemical staining with an antiserum specific for Na+,K+-ATPase, chloride cells were detected in both filament and lamellar epithelia. The numbers and sizes of chloride cells in the lamellar epithelia were greater in the low-Ca2+ groups (0 and 0.1 mM Ca2+) than in the normal-Ca2+ groups (0.5 mM Ca2+ and normal FW), whereas filament chloride cells were not affected in number or size by the environmental Ca2+ concentration. Electron-microscope observations also revealed that enlarged lamellar chloride cells were more frequently observed in the 0 mM Ca2+ group than in the 0.5 mM Ca2+ group. To obtain morphological evidence for Ca2+ uptake through the branchial epithelia, cellular localization of Ca2+-ATPase was examined with a monoclonal antibody specific for human erythrocyte Ca2+-ATPase. Ca2+-ATPase immunoreactivity was detected in Na+,K+-ATPase-immunoreactive chloride cells in both filament and lamellar epithelia. Using electron-microscope immunocytochemistry, Ca2+-ATPase was found to be localized in the tubular system, which is continuous with the basolateral membrane of chloride cells. These findings indicate that chloride cells in the lamellar epithelia activated by a low Ca2+ concentration may constitute the extra Ca2+ and NaCl uptake capacity required to maintain homeostasis in soft water.

In vivo sequential changes in chloride cell morphology in the yolk-sac membrane of mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) embryos and larvae during seawater adaptation

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (24) ◽  
pp. 3485-3495 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hiroi ◽  
T. Kaneko ◽  
M. Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Seawater Adaptation ◽  
Accessory Cells

Changes in chloride cell morphology were examined in the yolk-sac membrane of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) embryos and larvae transferred from fresh water to sea water. By labelling chloride cells with DASPEI, a fluorescent probe specific for mitochondria, we observed in vivo sequential changes in individual chloride cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In embryos transferred from fresh water to sea water 3 days after fertilization, 75 % of chloride cells survived for 96 h, and cells showed a remarkable increase in size. In contrast, the cell size did not change in embryos and larvae kept in fresh water. The same rate of chloride cell turnover was observed in both fresh water and sea water. Using differential interference contrast (DIC) optics and whole-mount immunocytochemistry with anti-Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, we classified chloride cells into three developmental stages: a single chloride cell without an apical pit, a single chloride cell with an apical pit, and a multicellular complex of chloride and accessory cells with an apical pit. DIC and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that single chloride cells enlarged and were frequently indented by newly differentiated accessory cells to form multicellular complexes during seawater adaptation. These results indicate that freshwater-type single chloride cells are transformed into seawater-type multicellular complexes during seawater adaptation, suggesting plasticity in the ion-transporting functions of chloride cells in the yolk-sac membrane of tilapia embryos and larvae.

scholarly journals Osmoregulatory and endocrine relationships with chloride cell morphology and density during smoltification in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Aquaculture ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.Harold Richman ◽  
Susan Tai de Diaz ◽  
Richard S. Nishioka ◽  
Patrick Prunet ◽  
Howard A. Bern
Keyword(s):  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Chloride Cell
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