Application of surface analytical techniques to the study of fracture surfaces of mother-of-pearl

1986 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 975-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Jackson ◽  
J. F. V. Vincent ◽  
D. Briggs ◽  
R. A. Crick ◽  
S. F. Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Study Of Fracture Surfaces

Paper 4: Electron Optical Techniques of Failure Investigation

1969 ◽  
Vol 184 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Scott ◽  
B. Loy ◽  
R. McCallum ◽  
G. H. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Surface Phenomena ◽  
Depth Of Focus ◽  
Optical Techniques ◽  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Failure Investigation ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Study Of Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Scanning Electron

Fractography, the study of fracture surfaces, is useful in failure investigations as the topography and characteristic markings of such surfaces are indicative of the mechanism of fracture which operated during the initiation of failure and crack propagation. Owing to the low depth of focus of the optical microscope, interpretation of some fracture surfaces may be difficult. The microscopic topography, and its relation to the causes and basic mechanisms of fracture, may be conveniently studied by electron microfractography using non-destructive replica methods. Replicas may be taken from selected areas of the fracture surface of large, unwieldy engineering components. Complementary electron optical techniques such as electron diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and extraction replicas are used where possible to obtain additional fine-scale information of use in the elucidation of failure mechanisms. An explanation of the various techniques and examples of their use in the work of the National Engineering Laboratory in failure investigations is given. The investigations involve fatigue, brittle fracture, corrosion fatigue, stress corrosion, welding problems, and surface phenomena.

An Intergranular Fracturing Technique for Grain Boundary Segregation Studies of Austenitic Stainless Steel

CORROSION ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 304-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. PARK ◽  
S. DANYLUK
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Boundary Segregation ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Auger Electron Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Type 304 ◽  
Type 304 Stainless Steel

Abstract A creep-deformation, heat treatment impact-fracture technique that can be used to produce grain boundary surfaces is described. The technique is especially useful for exposing grain boundaries of austenitic stainless steels and can also be used with surface-sensitive analytical techniques. Intergranular fracture surfaces of Type 304 stainless steel have been produced using this technique. Auger electron spectroscopy analysis was performed on these fracture surfaces.

CEMS study of fracture surfaces in SAE 4340 steel

1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Balestrino ◽  
M. Cavallini
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
4340 Steel ◽  
Study Of Fracture Surfaces

Relation between the Betti Number of Fatigue Fracture Surfaces and Stress Intensity Factors of Low Carbon Steel (JIS, S45C)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1102 ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Ishida ◽  
Katsuyuki Kida ◽  
Koshiro Mizobe ◽  
Kazuaki Nakane
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Fatigue Fracture ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
View Point ◽  
Intensity Factors ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Study Of Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Image Analysis Techniques

The study of fracture surfaces of materials is very important to understand failures in engineering elements, especially in structural products. However, it is not easy to evaluate fatigue fracture surfaces by using ordinary image analysis techniques. In this paper, we propose a new analyzing method to evaluate fatigue fracture surfaces from a view point of Homology.

Grain Boundary Structural Transformations Induced by Solute Segregation

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sickafus ◽  
S. L. Sass
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Temper Embrittlement ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Solute Segregation ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Fracture Surfaces

AbstractThe problem of solute segregation came to prominence with relation to studies of the temper embrittlement of low alloy steels. McLean and Northcott1(1948) first suggested that segregation of various elements to the grain boundaries was primarily responsible for the intergranular fracture observed in steels susceptible to this embrittlement. Direct evidence for segregation came much later with the development of surface sensitive analytical techniques, especially Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Using AES, it was determined that impurity elements such as P, Sb and Sn, as well as alloying elements such as Ni and Cr, were highly concentrated at the fracture surfaces in embrittled steels2. It is not clear, however, why solute segregation changes the mechanical strength of the grain boundaries in these materials. Based on recent calculations, Messmer and Briant3 proposed that certain solute species at a grain boundary change the chemical bonding at the interface. However, other more dramatic structural rearrangements may be possible upon segregation. Such structural changes were first suggested by the observation of facetted fracture surfaces in tellurium-doped iron alloys4. In the study presented here, it is shown that low concentrations of solute can cause changes in grain boundary structure. In particular, small concentrations of Au solute were found to cause a major change in the dislocation structure of low angle [001] Fe twist boundaries. Preliminary observations on the str ucture of a Fe-0.18 at.% Au* twist boundary were presented elsewhere5. Additional results will be presented here on the effect of changes in solute concentration and misorientation angle, θ, on this structural transformation. It is believed that these observations are evidence for the occurrence of a two-dimensional phase transformation in the grain boundary, similar to that predicted by Hart6

Fractal-based Study of Fracture Surfaces

2003 ◽  
pp. 215-254
Author(s):  
J. M. Li ◽  
Li Lü ◽  
M. O. Lai ◽  
B. Ralph
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Study Of Fracture Surfaces

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

Recent Applications of High Resolution Electron Microscopy to Crystalline Arrays of Virus Particles

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Diffraction ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Wide Range

The technique of surrounding virus particles with a neutralised electron dense stain was described at the Fourth International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Berlin 1958 (see Home & Brenner, 1960, p. 625). For many years the negative staining technique in one form or another, has been applied to a wide range of biological materials. However, the full potential of the method has only recently been explored following the development and applications of optical diffraction and computer image analytical techniques to electron micrographs (cf. De Hosier & Klug, 1968; Markham 1968; Crowther et al., 1970; Home & Markham, 1973; Klug & Berger, 1974; Crowther & Klug, 1975). These image processing procedures have allowed a more precise and quantitative approach to be made concerning the interpretation, measurement and reconstruction of repeating features in certain biological systems.

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