Definition and classification of adverse reactions to drugs and chemicals — Some genetic and environmental aspects

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (17) ◽  
pp. 939-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. West
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Environmental Aspects

Adverse drug reactions and drug interactions

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Wiffen ◽  
Marc Mitchell ◽  
Melanie Snelling ◽  
Nicola Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Adverse Drug Events ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Significant Cost

Introduction to ADRs 14Classification of ADRs 15Adverse reactions: drug or disease? 16Helping patients understand the risk of ADRs 17Reporting ADRs 18Drug interactions 20Managing drug interactions 23Adverse drug reactions (ADRs), also known as ‘side effects’, ‘adverse drug events’, or ‘drug misadventures’, are a frequent cause of morbidity in hospital and the community. They have a significant cost both financially and in terms of quality of life. Few studies of ADRs have been carried out in the community so the effect on primary care is harder to assess, but studies in the hospital environment have shown the following. ...

scholarly journals The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: progress and opportunities

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana Talita Diniz Ferreira ◽  
Shamyr Sulyvan de Castro ◽  
Cassia Maria Buchalla
Keyword(s):  
Disease Process ◽  
International Classification ◽  
International Classification Of Functioning ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Disability And Health ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
Human Functioning ◽  
Health Progress

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health is a tool used to monitor individuals from a broad perspective, which considers not only their health but also the biopsychosocial aspects involved in the health-disease process. It offers a range of categories to describe the aspects of human functioning that interfere with the performance of activities, as well as the environmental aspects that facilitate or hamper participation, integration and consequently quality of life. This paper reports some of the experiments in the use of this classification as a way to foster its use and show the broad range of possibilities offered by this tool. The disclosure of usage strategies will make it more well-known and adopted, opening up new perspectives for the health care segment.

scholarly journals Economic, social and environmental aspects of the sustainability of a construction waste recycling plant

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Madeira Brum ◽  
Adalberto Pandolfo ◽  
Ritielli Berticelli ◽  
Rosa Maria Locatelli Kalil ◽  
Pamela Bia Pasquali
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Safety Education ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Environmental Aspect ◽  
Construction Waste ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Training

Abstract: The civil construction industry has great prominence in the national economy, however, the sector is responsible for generating a large amount of Construction Waste (CW). The CW recycling plants present technological solutions that aim to minimize the environmental impact caused by the inadequate disposal of the CW, and that the generated material is no longer a problem and becomes a sustainable outlet for the scarcity of natural resources. This article analysed the economic, social and environmental aspects of an CW recycling plant, situated in Passo Fundo / RS. As a result, the quantification and classification of waste sent to the CW recycling plant was obtained from March to December 2016. An economic evaluation of the plant was carried out based on the comparison of the economic decision criteria between the Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Subsequently, social aspects were evaluated, such as the profiles of employees, their salaries and issues related to health and safety, education and training. When assessing the environmental aspect of the CW recycling plant, the composition, the separation process employed and the way in which these residues were used were determined. The conclusions demonstrated that the company is economically viable since the IRR was higher than the MARR. In the social assessment, the employment opportunity for different genres stands out and regarding the environmental question, the ability to reuse civil construction waste in 97.98% of the material received.

scholarly journals Taxation of passenger motor vehicles with environmental aspect

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Břetislav Andrlík
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Union Member ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Environmental Aspect ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The United Kingdom

The article deals with the issue of taxation of passenger motor vehicles in the Czech Republic and European Union member countries. It focuses on the topic of integrating environmental aspects into taxation systems of passenger motor vehicles with the aim of reducing production and releasing harmful substances into the air. CO2 emissions produced by combustion of hydrocarbon fuels by motor vehicles is described as the most harmful substance, and it is used as an tool for ecological taxation reforms in individual European Union member countries. With regards to taxation, the article deals with mechanisms of registration tax and road tax and defines relation between the two tax mechanisms and their positive and negative aspects. The article briefly defines individual taxation systems of motor vehicles in European Union member countries. In addition, it includes classification of those member countries which use CO2 emission-based registration tax and road tax. The article focuses in detail on road tax systems in Germany, Finnland and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom became the first member country to apply CO2 emissions-based rates of road tax. The conclusion of the article suggests a discussion over this issue in terms of the Czech Republic and modification of road tax based on reducing CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF METHODOLOGIES FOR ESTIMATING THE COST OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND BRAZIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 336-344
Author(s):  
G. I. Syraeva ◽  
A. S. Kolbin ◽  
A. V. Matveev ◽  
V. S. Panezhina
Keyword(s):  
Decision Tree ◽  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Cost

The aim of the review article was to highlight the methodologies for assessing the financial costs of adverse drug reactions exemplified by the Russian Federation and Brazil.Materials and methods: for a comparative analysis, materials from open sources were used. The study of the experience of methods used for assessing the burden of adverse drug reactions, was carried out using the system for calculating payments for medical care by clinical-statistical and clinical-profile groups, the methodology for assessing the severity of adverse events of the US National Cancer Institute, drug-associated problems, and “the decision tree” model.Results. When comparing the costs of ADR management in the Russian Federation and Brazil, the following results have been obtained: in the Russian Federation, the “cost” of reaction can be estimated only for a limited number of nosological groups that are regulated by the classification of diseases by clinical and statistical groups; in Brazil, when predicting the costs of adverse reactions management, the combination of “the decision tree” method and the Delphi method is used. In the Russian Federation, the cost of the 3rd and above severity adverse event (according to CTCAE v. 4.03), varies from 26,849.22 up to 26,196.37 RUB in the North-West region (St. Petersburg). In Brazil, the cost of ADR ranges from 13 USD (the best scenario for the patient) to 574 USD (the worst scenario for the patient), which is about 975 and 43,000 RUB, respectively. The introduction of methods that make it possible to predict the development and potential outcomes of adverse drug reactions, as well as taking into account the experiences of foreign colleagues in their modeling, will reduce economic costs in the Russian Federation at the federal level.Conclusion: for the economic value analysis and further forecasting, an improvement of existing methodologies is required. The models used in the Russian Federation (“the decision tree”, classification of diseases by clinical groups, Markov model) do not take into account the time factor, therefore, when planning the analysis of potential costs for adverse reactions, it is necessary to reinforce the methods with such tools as QALY, YLL, and YLD.

scholarly journals Systemic ozone applications, Major autohemotherapy and Rectal Insufflation, evaluated according to the International classification of Evidence-Based Medicine. A new basis for reimbursement of medical expenses by private and social insurances [abstract]

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renate Viebahn-Hänsler ◽  
Olga Sonia Leon-Fernandez ◽  
Ziad Fahmy
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Based Medicine ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Medical Expenses ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Medical Ozone ◽  
Based Medicine

Now that indications are clearly defined, applications have mostly become standardized and the active mechanisms have been well confirmed, medical ozone application in the form of the low-dose concept, is established and proven as a complementary medical method in the treatment of chronic inflammations or diseases associated with chronic inflammatory conditions. More than 11,000 systemic ozone treatments in the form of Major Ozone Autohemotherapy (MAH) in 577 patients and ? 47,000 Rectal Insufflations (RI) in 716 patients in various clinical studies are subjected to critical clinical assessment and classification according to the criteria of evidence-based medicine (EBM). Statistically significant clinical and/or pharmacological improvements without side-effects or adverse reactions are found in all studies; special attention is drawn to maintaining hygiene when working with blood and to the use of ozone-resistent and biocompatible materials. On summarizing the evidence classification under RCT + CT (Randomized Controlled Trials + Controlled Trials), i.e. Levels Ib and IIa, 12 studies with 657 ozone-treated patients are obtained for MAH and 6 studies with 227 patients for RI. As a result of the evidence here assessed, the two systemic ozone applications, MAH and RI are part of evidence-based medicine. Both applications are effective, safe and economic.

scholarly journals Developing Green Tourism-Based Model of Information Technology Utilization in Tourism Villages

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-165
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Ayu Kartika Yuniastari Sarja ◽  
◽  
I Putu Krisna Arta Widana ◽  
Putu Adi Suprapto ◽  
Tyas Rahajeng Pamularsih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Information Research ◽  
Green Tourism ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Identification Model ◽  
Implementation Steps

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for the use of information technology in Tourism Villages by mapping the use of information technology on all aspects of tourism villages based on the concept of green tourism that focuses on environmental preservation and community welfare. The method used in this research is an information research framework consisting of stages of literature review and environmental aspects, analysis, construct identification, model development, model evaluation, and model application methods. The results of the research are in the form of a model for the use of information technology in green tourism-based tourism villages along with the method of applying the model. This model consists of two connected constructs, namely the use of information technology and green tourism. The implementation of this model in tourist villages is explained in the method of applying the model which contains a mapping of information technology needs and implementation steps based on the classification of tourist villages, namely pioneering, developing, advanced and independent. This model can be used as a reference for tourism village managers in utilizing information technology according to their needs.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Mobile Apps to the Improvement of Walking/Cycling Behavior Considering the Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10580
Author(s):  
Mohammad Paydar ◽  
Asal Kamani Fard
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Participatory Approach ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cycling Behavior

More than one hundred and fifty cities around the world have expanded their emergency cycling and walking infrastructures to increase their resilience in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the role of mobile apps is prominent in respect to developing a smart city during this pandemic, which raises the questions of how mobile apps contribute to the improvement of walking/cycling behavior and how such a relationship is influenced by the situation imposed by COVID-19. The role of mobile apps in the three relevant fields of physical activity, transport, and urban planning are reviewed. Next, the associations between walking/cycling behaviors and their contributing factors and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on these relationships are reviewed. Studies on physical activity have emphasized the role of motivational social factors in improving the function of mobile apps. In regard to transport, mobile apps have the potential to facilitate data collection in macroscale environments. In addition, mobile apps may facilitate people’s recognition of positive/negative environmental aspects, and this may in turn lead to greater pedestrian/cyclists’ awareness and better organization of their walking/cycling behavior. Moreover, based on a participatory approach, the classification of current mobile apps and certain suggestions on the development of future mobile apps are presented. Finally, complementary suggestions are provided for maintaining and improving the use of mobile apps to improve the level of walking/cycling.

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