Adenylate energy charge and adenine nucleotide measurements as indicators of stress in the mussel,Mytilus edulis, treated with dredged material under laboratory conditions

1989 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald E. Zaroogian ◽  
Mary Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Dredged Material ◽  
Adenylate Energy Charge ◽  
Laboratory Conditions

scholarly journals Labeling of the releasable adenine nucleotides of washed human platelets

Blood ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Reimers ◽  
MA Packham ◽  
JF Mustard
Keyword(s):  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Adenine Nucleotides ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Adenylate Energy Charge ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Atp Pool ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide Pool

Abstract In rabbit platelets, the metabolically active ATP pool equilibrates with the releasable ATP pool within 1 day. The studies showing this have now been extended to human platelets. Human platelets labeled with 14C-adenosine or 14C-adenine were incubated for up to 10 hr in vitro at 37 degrees C. After 10 hr, about 12% of the total platelet 14C-ATP and 14C-ADP had become releasable with thrombin (4.2 units/ml). Lysis of platelets did not occur, since less than 1% of the platelet-bound 51Cr from platelets labeled with this radioisotope appeared in the ambient fluid upon thrombin treatment. The 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the released adenine nucleotides (7.6) was similar to the 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the nonreleasable adenine nucleotides (7.1) 2 hr after the labeling with 14C-adenosine. However, upon prolonged incubation (10 hr) in vitro, the 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the releasable adenine nucleotides decreased to 2.7. The adenylate energy charge and the 14C- ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the metabolic adenine nucleotide pool did not change significantly during the time of observation. The 14C-ATP content of the platelets decreased by less than 1% hr of incubation at 37 degrees C. These observations are interpreted to mean that the 14C is transferred from the metabolically active, nonreleasable adenine nucleotide pool of human platelets into the releasable adenine nucleotide pool as ATP and is partially hydrolyzed there to yield ADP. The transfer of ATP across the storage organelle membrane of platelets may be similar to transport processes in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and may represent a general phenomenon in cells that possess storage organelles containing adenine nucleotides.

Changes in nucleotide pools during conidial germination in Neurospora crassa

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 899-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Sabina ◽  
Paulette Dalke ◽  
Alan R. Hanks ◽  
Jane M. Magill ◽  
Clint W. Magill
Keyword(s):  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Adenylate Energy Charge ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Nucleotide Pools ◽  
Nucleotide Sugars ◽  
Purine Pathway

The acid-soluble nucleotide pools of wild type and several adenine auxotrophs of Neurospora crassa were studied immediately prior to and during conidial germination in the presence of adenine. A two- to four-fold increase in most nucleotide pools was observed after 6 h of germination at 33 °C indicating a general increase in nucleotide pools during this developmental period. The largest components of the acid-soluble nucleotide pools were uracil-containing nucleotide–sugars, which are precursors of chitin and glucan, the major constituents of cell walls. On removal of adenine, the UDP–sugar pools decreased significantly, in adenine auxotrophs, while the pools of UTP increased significantly. ATP levels increased approximately twofold in the first 6 h of germination. After 1 h without exogenous adenine, ATP dropped twofold or more in adenine auxotrophs but not in wild type. There was a net decrease in all adenine nucleotide pools during adenine starvation and a much greater decrease was seen in adenine auxotrophs than in wild type. The adenylate energy charge remained stable despite major changes in the adenylate pools.Accumulation of intermediates was observed in germinated conidia from purine auxotrophs blocked at various steps in the purine pathway. IMP accumulated in ungerminated and in starved conidia of the adenine-8 (ad-8) strain. Ungerminated conidia of the ad-5 strain contained a large pool of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) while the ad-1 strain had smaller amounts of AICAR, but significantly more than any other strain tested. The AICAR pools disappeared from ad-5 and ad-1 in the presence of 50 mg histidine/100 mL. Similarly the IMP pools in ad-8 decreased markedly in the presence of histidine, indicating that the contribution from the histidine biosynthetic pathway to purine nucleotide formation is significant.

Changes in the adenylate energy charge ofNematospiroides dubiusandTrichostrongylus colubriformisparalysed by levamisolein vivo

Parasitology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Adenylate Energy Charge ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Nucleotide Content ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius ◽  
Low Levels

SUMMARYThe adenine nucleotide content and adenylate energy charge ofNematospiroides dubiusfrom laboratory mice and ofTrichostrongylus colubriformisfrom lambs has been measured. Administration of the anthelmintic, levamisole, to infected hosts resulted in only a slight fall in the adenylate energy charge ofN. dubiusover a 3-h period but there was a greater fall in the adenylate energy charge ofT. colubriformisduring this period. In neither case did the energy charge fall quickly, nor did it fall to the low levels which would be expected if the levamisole were inhibiting synthesis of ATP. The changes in energy charge of the nematodes which occurred following administration of levamisole to their hosts was of the order which can be satisfactorily explained by changes in the environment of the nematodes, such as reduced oxygen tension. It is concluded that the maintenance of levamisole-induced paralysis of these two species of trichostrongylein vivodoes not rely on the inhibition of fumarate reductase.

scholarly journals Acquired granular pool defect in stored platelets

Blood ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
AK Rao ◽  
S Niewiarowski ◽  
S Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Adenine Nucleotides ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Adenylate Energy Charge ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Final Volume ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Functional Defect ◽  
Metabolic Pool ◽  
The Mean

Platelets stored as concentrates (PC) for 72 h at 22 degrees C develop a functional defect. Alterations in adenine nucleotides of platelets have been shown to affect platelet function. Adenine nucleotide content of platelets was measured before and after storage and a decrease of 27.1 /+- 1.7% (mean /+- SE) in ATP and 39.1 /+- 2.6% in ADP were found in 34 PC stored with final volume of 50 ml. In 11 PC with 30 ml volume. ATP and ADP decreased by 39.4 /+- 3.2% and 49.4 /+- 2.1%, respectively. The mean ATP to ADP ratio of stored platelets was significantly higher than of fresh platelets in both groups, suggesting a relatively greater decrease in granular than metabolic pool nucleotides. Levels of low affinity platelet factor 4 measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma from 0.86 /+- 0.08 microgram/ml in the fresh PC to 8.59 /+- 0.39 microgram/ml in stored PC, indicating a concomitant alpha-granular secretion. Labeling of metabolic pool with 14C-adenine revealed a mean decrease in the adenylate energy charge of 2.0 /+- 0.4% in 12 of 16 stored PC, with a lower ATP and higher hypoxanthine labeling in stored as compared to fresh platelets. These observations suggest that stored platelets develop an acquired defect in both dense and alpha granules and in their ability to maintain ATP homeostasis.

Contracture of isolated rat heart cells on anaerobic to aerobic transition

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (6) ◽  
pp. H1022-H1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hohl ◽  
A. Ansel ◽  
R. Altschuld ◽  
G. P. Brierley
Keyword(s):  
Rat Heart ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Creatine Phosphate ◽  
Isolated Rat Heart ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Adenylate Energy Charge ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Oxygen Paradox ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide Pool

Adult rat heart myocytes prepared by collagenase perfusion show a progressive loss of adenylate energy charge and total adenine nucleotide as a function of time of anaerobic incubation in the absence of glucose. Re-aeration of the rod-shaped anaerobic cells produces a population of viable rounded cells in hypercontracture. The round cells show extensive morphological dislocations but remain metabolically competent in that they 1) restore adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels to the extent permitted by the depleted adenine nucleotide pool: 2) reestablish a low Na+-K+ ratio; and 3) restore creatine phosphate to 73% of control. The hypercontracture on re-aeration of anaerobic myocytes closely resembles an analogous contracture of heart cells in situ produced when hypoxic perfused hearts are reoxygenated, the so-called "oxygen paradox." Both processes are eliminated by inclusion of glucose during the anaerobic phase and by inhibitors of respiration and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation added before reoxygenation. Mitochondria in the hypercontracted myocytes retain high acceptor control ratios. Contracture on re-aeration occurs to nearly the same extent in the presence of either mM Ca2+ or 0.1 mM EGTA. Contracture appears related to dislocations in intracellular Ca metabolism that result from the declining energy charge and depleted nucleotide pool produced during anoxic incubation.

Viable and total cell masses in dental plaque as measured by bioluminescence methods.

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1649-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Robrish ◽  
C W Kemp ◽  
D E Chopp ◽  
W H Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Adenylate Energy Charge ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Nucleotide Content

Abstract Bioluminescence methods have been applied to the measurement of the viable and total cell masses of small samples of dental plaque. The total adenine nucleotide content of dental plaque samples and of a pure culture of bacteria was determined and the adenylate energy charge calculated from this. When a pure culture of bacteria was killed with heat, the adenylate energy charge decreased exponentially with duration of treatment and corresponded with a decrease in the count of viable organisms.

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