Effect of ammonium chloride on predatory consumption rates of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) on juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in laboratory streams

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Hedtke ◽  
Logan A. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Laboratory Streams ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

scholarly journals Juvenile Chinook salmon use of sandbar willows in a large-scale, simulated riparian floodplain: microhabitat and energetics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nann A. Fangue ◽  
Dennis E. Cocherell ◽  
Florian Mauduit ◽  
Jamilynn B. Poletto ◽  
Kara Carr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Energetic Costs ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Floodplain Inundation ◽  
Test Velocity ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

AbstractOutmigrating, juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, with access to floodplains (e.g., Yolo Bypass California, USA), grow faster than those restricted to the main channel of the Sacramento River. How these young salmon might use rooted, vegetative structure (e.g., to decrease energy expenditures) while holding positions in flowing water on floodplains and flooded riparian zones is unknown. We conducted daytime experiments in a large (24.4 m long) flume containing a planted area (9.76 m × 1.22 m) of sandbar willows, Salix interior. Flume water was maintained at 1.5 m depth and 16 °C over a 15–90 cm s−1 test velocity range. Fish were videoed using 19 cameras to determine positional behavior, including their depth, use of vegetation, and tail-beat (body-undulation) frequencies (TBFs). These TBFs were replicated with similarly-sized salmon in a calibrated, Brett-type swimming respirometer, where oxygen consumption rates were measured. Using these laboratory measurements, we estimated their swimming velocities and energetic costs associated with occupying sandbar willow habitats in the flume. As flume velocities increased and the leafy canopies of the willows were bent over from the flow, salmon occupied deeper water, among the thick stems of the willows, and maintained their positions. Even at the highest (90 cm s−1) nominal flume velocities, their estimated swimming velocities were only 35.6 cm s−1, within the bottom 15 cm of the water column. This resulted in unchanged energetic costs, compared with those estimated at lower nominal water velocities. The use of vegetated (e.g., with sandbar willow common to the riparian zone) floodplains, rather than non-vegetated ones, can potentially provide energy-saving, growth-promoting daytime habitat for migrating juvenile salmonids during river-flow periods that include floodplain inundation.

scholarly journals Managed Wetlands Can Benefit Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Tidal Marsh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Aha ◽  
Peter B. Moyle ◽  
Nann A. Fangue ◽  
Andrew L. Rypel ◽  
John R. Durand
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Nursery Habitat ◽  
San Francisco Estuary ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

AbstractLoss of estuarine and coastal habitats worldwide has reduced nursery habitat and function for diverse fishes, including juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Underutilized off-channel habitats such as flooded rice fields and managed ponds present opportunities for improving rearing conditions and increasing habitat diversity along migratory corridors. While experiments in rice fields have shown enhanced growth rates of juvenile fishes, managed ponds are less studied. To evaluate the potential of these ponds as a nursery habitat, juvenile Chinook salmon (~ 2.8 g, 63 mm FL) were reared in cages in four contrasting locations within Suisun Marsh, a large wetland in the San Francisco Estuary. The locations included a natural tidal slough, a leveed tidal slough, and the inlet and outlet of a tidally muted managed pond established for waterfowl hunting. Fish growth rates differed significantly among locations, with the fastest growth occurring near the outlet in the managed pond. High zooplankton biomass at the managed pond outlet was the best correlate of salmon growth. Water temperatures in the managed pond were also cooler and less variable compared to sloughs, reducing thermal stress. The stress of low dissolved oxygen concentrations within the managed pond was likely mediated by high concentrations of zooplankton and favorable temperatures. Our findings suggest that muted tidal habitats in the San Francisco Estuary and elsewhere could be managed to promote growth and survival of juvenile salmon and other native fishes.

Predator avoidance ability of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) subjected to sublethal exposures of gas-supersaturated water

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
M G Mesa ◽  
J J Warren
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Unexposed Control ◽  
Lateral Lines ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

To assess the effects of gas bubble trauma (GBT) on the predator avoidance ability of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), we created groups of fish that differed in prevalence and severity of gas emboli in their lateral lines, fins, and gills by exposing them to 112% total dissolved gas (TDG) for 13 days, 120% TDG for 8 h, or 130% TDG for 3.5 h. We subjected exposed and unexposed control fish simultaneously to predation by northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) in water of normal gas saturation in 6, 18, and 10 tests using prey exposed to 112, 120, and 130% TDG, respectively. Only fish exposed to 130% TDG showed a significant increase in vulnerability to predation. The signs of GBT exhibited by fish sampled just prior to predator exposure were generally more severe in fish exposed to 130% TDG, which had the most extensive occlusion of the lateral line and gill filaments with gas emboli. Fish exposed to 112% TDG had the most severe signs of GBT in the fins. Our results suggest that fish showing GBT signs similar to those of our fish exposed to 130% TDG, regardless of their precise exposure history, may be more vulnerable to predation.

Predator–Prey Relationships for Juvenile Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Feeding on Zooplankton in "in situ" Enclosures

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl K. English
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Juvenile Salmon ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Successful Search ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

Juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were raised in 90-m3 mesh enclosures in Saanich Inlet, B.C. The enclosures permitted ample water and zooplankton circulation while retaining 5–6 g juvenile salmon. Mean growth rate was 1.8% wet body weight/d over 6 wk. Weekly growth rates ranged from 3.9%/d while food was abundant, to −0.5%/d when food was scarce. Zooplankton concentration inside and outside enclosures without fish were not significantly different. Organisms associated with the sides of the enclosures (non-pelagic) were not a major contributor to the growth of the juvenile chinook. There was a strong relationship between the fish growth rates and the abundance of 1.4- to 4.5-mm zooplankton. Rates of successful search varied directly with the size and inherent contrast of a prey item. The minimum rate of successful search was 2.3 m3/h for salmon feeding on 1.4- to 4.5-mm zooplankton. This rate of successful search, while far greater than previously suspected, is still within the visual capabilities of the juvenile salmon. The enclosed salmon grew rapidly on zooplankton concentrations that were 1/1000 of those required to sustain similar growth rates in tank experiments.Key words: predator–prey relationship, planktivorous salmonid, marine, "in situ" enclosures, search efficiency

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