A vicious circleand the proper point for its attack

1929 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-645
Keyword(s):  
Proper Point

scholarly journals On the calculation of refraction in model atmospheres

1979 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 73-94
Author(s):  
J. Saastamoinen
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Geodesy ◽  
Damping Factor ◽  
Binomial Expansion ◽  
Proper Point ◽  
Binomial Formula ◽  
Astronomical Refraction

Approximations have been removed from the derivation of the coefficients in the binomial expansion for astronomical refraction, , allowing the calculation of any number of terms to any precision desired. The range of the refraction formula has been extended to greater zenith distances (<90°) by inserting a damping factor into the binomial formula, truncating the expansion at a proper point, and rearranging the terms. Another, computer-manipulated series has been developed for zenith distances at or near the horizon. Further applications include the calculation of photogrammetric and parallactic refractions, as well as range corrections in satellite geodesy.

IV. On the action of bromine upon ethylbenzol

1870 ◽  
Vol 18 (114-122) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Hydrobromic Acid ◽  
Fractional Distillation ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Proper Point

In the course of an investigation upon ethylbenzoic acid which Prof. Kekulé and I recently published in conjunction, we had occasion to prepare a quantity of monobromethylbenzol, C 6 H 4 Br { C 2 H 5 . Our object in this research was to prove experimentally the identity of the ethylbenzoic acid made synthetically by acting upon the monobromethylbenzol by means of carbonic anhydride and sodium, C 6 H 4 Br { C 2 H 5 + Na 2 + CO 2 = C 6 H 4 { C 2 H 5 CO NaO + Br Na, with the acid subsequently obtained by Fittig by oxidizing diethylbenzol, C 6 H 4 { C 2 H 5 C 2 H 5 , by means of nitric acid. In the preparation of the bromide for the purposes of our experiments, we followed the direction given by Fittig and Konig, by whom this substance was first described. Bromine was added drop by drop to well-cooled ethylbenzol in the proportion of 1 mol. bromine to 1 mol. ethylbenzol, an the mixture was allowed to stand one or two days before distillation. The action of bromine upon ethylbenzol is extremely energetic, each drop of the bromine disappears almost immediately on coming in contact with the hydrocarbon, the mixture, unless carefully cooled, becomes very hot, and large quantities of hydrobromic acid are evolved. It is easy to perceive when the proper point in the substitution is reached, since after the addition of the theoretical quantity of bromine in order to form C 6 H 4 Br { C 2 H 5 the succeeding drops of bromine disappear with far less rapidity, a fact which evidently indicates that the substitution of the first atom of bromine is more easily effected than that of the second. After standing for about forty-eight hours, the liquid was shaken with a dilute solution of caustic soda, and then repeatedly washed with water, dried over calcium chloride, and submitted to fractional distillation.

Denken und Welt – Wege kritischer Metaphysik

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Haag ◽  
Till Hoeppner
Keyword(s):  
Transcendental Idealism ◽  
Alternative Conception ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
Proper Point ◽  
The Way

Abstract We begin by considering two common ways of conceiving critical metaphysics. According to the first (and polemical) conception, critical metaphysics analyses nothing more than the form of thought and thereby misses the proper point of metaphysics, namely to investigate the form of reality. According to the second (and affirmative) conception, critical metaphysics starts from the supposed insight that the form of reality can’t be other than the form of thought and it is thus not necessary to analyse anything but that form. We argue that the first conception is too weak while the second is too strong. Then we sketch an alternative conception of critical metaphysics, a conception we find expressed both in Kant’s B-Deduction and in the way Barry Stroud has recently investigated the possibilities of metaphysics. According to such a conception, a properly critical metaphysics needs to proceed in two steps: first, it needs to analyze the most general and necessary form of any thought that is about an objective reality at all; second, it needs to investigate how that form of thought relates to the reality it purports to represent. But unlike Kant, Stroud remains sceptical regarding the possibility of a satisfying transition from thought to reality in metaphysics. We argue that this dissatisfaction can be traced back to a notion of objectivity and reality in terms of complete mind-independence. Then we sketch an alternative notion of objectivity and reality in terms of distinctness from subjects and acts of thinking, and argue that it is that notion that allows Kant, with his Transcendental Idealism, to make the transition required for any satisfying metaphysics, namely that from the form of thought to reality.

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