Precipitation of dissolved alkali salts and fullerenes on surfaces of doped porous matter

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fink ◽  
R. Klett ◽  
C. Mathis ◽  
J. Vacik ◽  
V. Hnatowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porous Matter ◽  
Alkali Salts

Precipitation of dissolved alkali salts and fullerenes on surfaces of doped porous matter

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-195
Author(s):  
D. Fink ◽  
R. Klett ◽  
C. Mathis ◽  
J. Vacik ◽  
V. Hnatowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porous Matter ◽  
Alkali Salts

Anion effect on alkali ion-crown complex formation in a moderately concentrated solutions: A sensitive probe of hidden interionic interactions operating in dissociating protic solvents

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1149-1161
Author(s):  
Jiří Závada ◽  
Václav Pechanec ◽  
Oldřich Kocián
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Macrocyclic Ligand ◽  
Simple Explanation ◽  
Anion Effect ◽  
Protic Solvents ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Alkali Salts ◽  
Alkali Ion

A powerful anion effect destabilizing alkali ion-crown complex formation has been found to operate in moderately concentrated protic (H2O, CH3OH, C2H5OH) solution, following the order HO- > AcO- > Cl- > Br- > NO3- > I- > NCS-. Evidence is provided that the observed effect does not originate from ion-pairing. A simple explanation is provided in terms of concordant hydrogen bond bridges of exalted stability between the gegenions, M+···OR-H···(OR-H)n···OR-H···A-. It is proposed that encapsulation of alkali ion by the macrocyclic ligand leads to a dissipation of the cation charge density destroying its ability to participate in the hydrogen bond bridge. An opposition against the alkali ion-crown complex formation arises accordingly in the solution in dependence on strength of the hydrogen bridge; for a given cation, the hydrogen bond strength increases with increasing anion charge density from NCS- to HO-(RO-). It is pointed out, at the same time, that the observed anion effect does not correlate with the known values of activity coefficients of the individual alkali salts which are almost insensitive to anion variation under the investigated conditions. As a resolution of the apparent paradoxon it is proposed that, in absence of the macrocyclic ligand, the stabilizing (concordant) bonding between the gegenions is nearly balanced by a destabilizing (discordant) hydrogen bonding between the ions of same charge (co-ions). Intrinsic differences among the individual salts are thus submerged in protic solvents and become apparent only when the concordant bonding is suppressed in the alkali ion-crown complex formation.

scholarly journals PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLIZED ALKALI SALTS OF l-CYSTINE

1931 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-213
Author(s):  
Gerrit Toennies ◽  
Theodore F. Lavine
Keyword(s):  
Alkali Salts

scholarly journals Permittivity measurements of porous matter in support of investigations of the surface and interior of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

2015 ◽  
Vol 583 ◽  
pp. A39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Brouet ◽  
A. C. Levasseur-Regourd ◽  
P. Sabouroux ◽  
P. Encrenaz ◽  
N. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porous Matter ◽  
Permittivity Measurements

scholarly journals A spectroscopic investigation of 12-tungstophosphoric acid alkali salts

2000 ◽  
Vol 65 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ubavka Mioc ◽  
Marija Todorovic ◽  
Snezana Uskokovic-Markovic ◽  
Zoran Nedic ◽  
Nada Bosnjakovic
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Spectroscopic Investigation ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Host Lattice ◽  
Tungstophosphoric Acid ◽  
Heteropoly Acids ◽  
Ir And Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Keggin Anions ◽  
Ir And Raman ◽  
Alkali Salts

In this paper the latest results of our continuing investigation of heteropoly acids and their salts are reported. Specially attention was paid to the influence of cations on the dynamic equilibrium of protonic species, as well as on the structure of the host lattice itself, i.e., the Keggin anions. The investigations were done by IR and Raman spectroscopy within the range of 1200.40 cm-1.

scholarly journals Sub- and Supercritical Water Liquefaction of Kraft Lignin and Black Liquor Derived Lignin

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Lappalainen ◽  
David Baudouin ◽  
Ursel Hornung ◽  
Julia Schuler ◽  
Kristian Melin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Alkali Salts

To mitigate global warming, humankind has been forced to develop new efficient energy solutions based on renewable energy sources. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology that can efficiently produce bio-oil from several biomass sources. The HTL process uses sub- or supercritical water for producing bio-oil, water-soluble organics, gaseous products and char. Black liquor mainly contains cooking chemicals (mainly alkali salts) lignin and the hemicellulose parts of the wood chips used for cellulose digestion. This review explores the effects of different process parameters, solvents and catalysts for the HTL of black liquor or black liquor-derived lignin. Using short residence times under near- or supercritical water conditions may improve both the quality and the quantity of the bio-oil yield. The quality and yield of bio-oil can be further improved by using solvents (e.g., phenol) and catalysts (e.g., alkali salts, zirconia). However, the solubility of alkali salts present in black liquor can lead to clogging problem in the HTL reactor and process tubes when approaching supercritical water conditions.

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