Sexual orientation and performance on sexually dimorphic motor tasks

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Y. Hall ◽  
Doreen Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
And Performance

scholarly journals Interactive effects of incentive value and valence on the performance of discrete action sequences

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler J. Adkins ◽  
Bradley S. Gary ◽  
Taraz G. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Skill Retention ◽  
Incentive Value ◽  
Discrete Action ◽  
On Line ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Gains And Losses

AbstractIncentives can be used to increase motivation, leading to better learning and performance on skilled motor tasks. Prior work has shown that monetary punishments enhance on-line performance while equivalent monetary rewards enhance off-line skill retention. However, a large body of literature on loss aversion has shown that losses are treated as larger than equivalent gains. The divergence between the effects of punishments and reward on motor learning could be due to perceived differences in incentive value rather than valence per se. We test this hypothesis by manipulating incentive value and valence while participants trained to perform motor sequences. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that large reward enhanced on-line performance but impaired the ability to retain the level of performance achieved during training. However, we also found that on-line performance was better with reward than punishment and that the effect of increasing incentive value was more linear with reward (small, medium, large) while the effect of value was more binary with punishment (large vs not large). These results suggest that there are differential effects of punishment and reward on motor learning and that these effects of valence are unlikely to be driven by differences in the subjective magnitude of gains and losses.

scholarly journals Sexual orientation predicts men’s preferences for sexually dimorphic face-shape characteristics: a replication study.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Kenji Medeiros Shiramizu ◽  
Ciaran Docherty ◽  
Lisa Marie DeBruine ◽  
Benedict C Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Replication Study ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Face Shape ◽  
Shape Characteristics

Many researchers have proposed that straight men prefer women’s faces displaying feminine shape characteristics at least partly because mating with such women will produce healthier offspring. Although a prediction of this adaptation-for-mate-choice hypothesis is that straight men will show stronger preferences for feminized versus masculinized versions of women’s faces than will gay men, only one previous study has directly tested this prediction. Here we directly replicated that study by comparing 623 gay and 3163 straight men’s preferences for feminized versus masculinized versions of faces. Consistent with the adaptation-for-mate-choice hypothesis of straight men’s femininity preferences, we found that straight men showed significantly stronger preferences for feminized female faces than did gay men. Consistent with previous research suggesting that gay men place a premium on masculinity in potential romantic partners, we also found that gay men showed significantly stronger preferences for masculinized versions of male faces than did straight men. Together, these findings indicate the sexual orientation contributes to individual differences in men’s face preferences.

scholarly journals I Am Great, but Only When I Also Want to Dominate: Maladaptive Narcissism Moderates the Relationship Between Adaptive Narcissism and Performance Under Pressure

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-335
Author(s):  
Shuge Zhang ◽  
Ross Roberts ◽  
Tim Woodman ◽  
Andrew Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Grandiose Narcissism ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Psychophysiological Response ◽  
Task Processing ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Performance Research ◽  
Performance Under Pressure

Narcissism–performance research has focused on grandiose narcissism but has not examined the interaction between its so-called adaptive (reflecting overconfidence) and maladaptive (reflecting a domineering orientation) components. In this research, the authors tested interactions between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism using two motor tasks (basketball and golf in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively) and a cognitive task (letter transformation in Experiment 3). Across all experiments, adaptive narcissism predicted performance under pressure only when maladaptive narcissism was high. In the presence of maladaptive narcissism, adaptive narcissism also predicted decreased pre-putt time in Experiment 2 and an adaptive psychophysiological response in Experiment 3, reflecting better processing efficiency. Findings suggest that individuals high in both aspects of narcissism perform better under pressure thanks to superior task processing. In performance contexts, the terms “adaptive” and “maladaptive”—adopted from social psychology—are oversimplistic and inaccurate. The authors believe that “self-inflated narcissism” and “dominant narcissism” are better monikers for these constructs.

scholarly journals Attentional processes and performance in hot humid or dry environments: review, applied recommendation and new research directions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Robin ◽  
Guillaume R. Coudevylle ◽  
Olivier Hue
Keyword(s):  
Sporting Events ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
New Directions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
New Research ◽  
Hot Environments

Many important sporting events are organized in hot ambient conditions. In addition, given the global warming around the world, and because heat also concerns millions of people living in hot-dry and/or hot-humid environments, individuals often perform cognitive and/or cognitivo-motor tasks under heat stress conditions. Hot environment can negatively affect aerobic and high intensity performances and can also negatively influence mental performances and cognitive function as executive functions and attention. This review was realized in order to provide a better understanding of the influence of the heat on cognition as attentional processes. In addition, applied recommendations and strategies (e.g., acclimation, cooling, mental technics), that individuals can use during learning, training or competitions performed in hot environments, are discussed. Finally, new directions in research are proposed.

Some Relationships Between Intelligence and Auditory Discrimination

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty U. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Discrimination ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Percent Correct ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Academic Aptitude ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Psychometric Measures ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Perceptual Abilities

Some of the earliest scientific attempts to understand the nature of intelligence investigated differences in sensory discrimination and reaction time. There is once again interest in the relations between such simple abilities and intelligence, partly as a result of the application of information-processing paradigms to the study of intelligence. Correlations in the range of .3 to .8 have been reported between psychometric measures of intelligence and performance on simple cognitive, sensory, and motor tasks The current study reports correlations between scores on a battery of auditory discrimination tasks and measures of intelligence and academic aptitude in two samples of college students. The correlations between the intellectual and academic aptitude measures and the total percent correct on the auditory battery ranged from .45 to .59. These results are consistent with recent findings of significant relationships between simple sensory, cognitive, and motor abilities and psychometric intelligence as well as with much earlier reports by Spearman (1904) and others of relationships between pitch discrimination and intelligence. An implication of these findings is that intelligence is a potential confounding variable in studies of the auditory perceptual abilities of various clinical populations.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Maintaining the Requested Handgrip Force Enhanced by Auditory or Visual Feedback

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5158
Author(s):  
Jacek Tarnas ◽  
Rafał Stemplewski ◽  
Piotr Krutki
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Auditory Displays ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Simple Motor Task ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Mixed Groups

Thus far, the differences in effect of auditory or visual feedback in motor learning have presented results derived from mixed groups and sex differences have not been considered. However, perception and processing of auditory stimuli and performance of visual motor tasks appear to be sex-related. The purpose of this study was to investigate the learning of the simple motor task of maintaining a requested handgrip force in separate male and female groups. A total of 31 volunteers (15 males, 16 females) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups with defined sex and training conditions (audio or visual feedback). Participants performed training sessions over a period of six days, for which auditory or visual feedback was provided, and the effectiveness of both types of signals was compared. The evident learning effect was found in all groups, and the main effect of sex was significant among visual groups in favor of the males (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the main effect of feedback conditions was found to be significant among females, beneficially in the case of auditory displays (p < 0.05). The results lead to the conclusion that an equal number of males and females in mixed experimental groups may be supportive to obtain reliable results. Moreover, in motor-learning studies conducted on females only, a design including auditory feedback would be more suitable.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document