Non invasive imaging of water flow in plants by NMR microscopy

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 173 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Xia ◽  
V. Sarafis ◽  
E. O. Campbell ◽  
P. T. Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Nmr Microscopy ◽  
Non Invasive

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Estimation of Domestic Hot Water Usage with Temperature and Vibration Sensors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Booysen
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Water Heaters

Electric water heaters are responsible for a large portion of electricity consumption and water usage in the domestic sector. Smart water heaters alleviate the strain on the electricity supply grid and reduce water consumption through behavioural change, but the installation of in-line flow meters is inconvenient and expensive. A non-invasive water flow meter is proposed as an alternative. Non-invasive flow measurement is more common for high flow rates in the industrial sector than for domestic applications. Various non-invasive water measurement methods are investigated in the context of domestic hot water, and a combination of thermal- and vibration-sensing is proposed. The proposed solution uses inexpensive, easily installable, non-invasive sensors and a novel algorithm to provide the same flow measurement accuracy as existing in-line meters. The algorithm detects the beginning and end of water consumption events with an accuracy of 95.6%. Quantitative flow rate estimation was possible for flow rates greater than 5 L min⁻¹ with an accuracy of 89%, while volumetric usage estimation had an accuracy of more than 93%. The algorithm limitations were applied to field data, revealing that water consumption could be detected with an error of less than 12% within the limitations of the proposed algorithm. The paper presents a successful proof of concept for a non-invasive alternative to domestic hot water flow rate measurement.

Applications of chemical-shift-selective NMR microscopy to the non-invasive histochemistry of plant materials

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Pope ◽  
H. Rumpel ◽  
W. Kuhn ◽  
R. Walker ◽  
D. Leach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Shift ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Nmr Microscopy ◽  
Non Invasive

Non-invasive lipid measurement in living insects using NMR microscopy

2012 ◽  
Vol 215 (18) ◽  
pp. 3137-3141 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Schilling ◽  
K. Dworschak ◽  
R. Schopf ◽  
R. Kuhn ◽  
S. J. Glaser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Microscopy ◽  
Non Invasive

Non-Invasive Water Flow Sensing for Smart Water Heater Controller

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Singer ◽  
Scott Jansen ◽  
Chenli Wang ◽  
Hohyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Water Heaters

Water flow rate sensors in residential homes have the capacity to revolutionize energy conservation by providing real time, user specific water usage data to the Internet of Things. Water heaters typically heat water to a constant set-temperature throughout the day. This constant heating contributes to about 18% of total home energy usage, making water heaters an especially effective target for potential energy savings. By harnessing the knowledge of hot water usage and flow rate, machine learning processes can determine an optimized water heating schedule for individual users. However, current methods to determine water flow rate involve either a complicated installation process or use of expensive equipment. The work in this paper proposes an economical, non-invasive package to both detect hot water usage and measure the flow rate, by utilizing three temperature sensors. Processing of the data quantitatively correlates temperature change of the incoming/outgoing water pipes to the water flow rate through the pipes. To accomplish this, the principle of energy conservation was applied using transient temperature measurements taken from the outer surface of both the cold inlet and hot outlet pipes. In the process of formulating energy conservation equations, there exist unknowns which will be determined by different self-testing algorithms. Developing transient and steady state equations for the inlet and outlet pipes allowed for calculations of the flow rate through a water heater to be performed. Specified conservation equations applied to both cold inlet and hot outlet pipes will enhance the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method. For verification, experimental setup was built to verify our model by comparing actual usage and flow rate measurements from a household water heater with the calculated usage and flow rate from the temperature change rate.

An emerging technology: Nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 1000-1001
Author(s):  
M.J. Hennessy ◽  
E. Kwok
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Nmr Microscopy ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Temperature Relaxation ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic

Much progress in nuclear magnetic resonance microscope has been made in the last few years as a result of improved instrumentation and techniques being made available through basic research in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies for medicine. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was first observed in the hydrogen nucleus in water by Bloch, Purcell and Pound over 40 years ago. Today, in medicine, virtually all commercial MRI scans are made of water bound in tissue. This is also true for NMR microscopy, which has focussed mainly on biological applications. The reason water is the favored molecule for NMR is because water is,the most abundant molecule in biology. It is also the most NMR sensitive having the largest nuclear magnetic moment and having reasonable room temperature relaxation times (from 10 ms to 3 sec). The contrast seen in magnetic resonance images is due mostly to distribution of water relaxation times in sample which are extremely sensitive to the local environment.

X-ray microtomography

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
H.W. Deckman ◽  
B.F. Flannery ◽  
J.H. Dunsmuir ◽  
K.D' Amico
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Panoramic Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional Images

We have developed a new X-ray microscope which produces complete three dimensional images of samples. The microscope operates by performing X-ray tomography with unprecedented resolution. Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that creates maps of the internal structure of samples from measurement of the attenuation of penetrating radiation. As conventionally practiced in medical Computed Tomography (CT), radiologists produce maps of bone and tissue structure in several planar sections that reveal features with 1mm resolution and 1% contrast. Microtomography extends the capability of CT in several ways. First, the resolution which approaches one micron, is one thousand times higher than that of the medical CT. Second, our approach acquires and analyses the data in a panoramic imaging format that directly produces three-dimensional maps in a series of contiguous stacked planes. Typical maps available today consist of three hundred planar sections each containing 512x512 pixels. Finally, and perhaps of most import scientifically, microtomography using a synchrotron X-ray source, allows us to generate maps of individual element.

Effect of verapamil on cytoplasmic distribution of granules and microfilaments in amphibian urinary bladder

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 324-325
Author(s):  
A.J. Mia ◽  
L.X. Oakford ◽  
T. Yorio
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Granular Cell ◽  
Cytosolic Calcium ◽  
Calcium Storage ◽  
Amphibian Urinary Bladder ◽  
Vesicular Membrane ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Cytoskeletal System

The amphibian urinary bladder has been used as a ‘model’ system for studies of the mechanism of action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in stimulating transepithelial water flow. The increase in water permeability is accompanied by morphological changes that include the stimulation of apical microvilli, mobilization of microtubules and microfilaments and vesicular membrane fusion events . It has been shown that alterations in the cytosolic calcium concentrations can inhibit ADH transmembrane water flow and induce alterations in the epithelial cell cytomorphology, including the cytoskeletal system . Recently, the subapical granules of the granular cell in the amphibian urinary bladder have been shown to contain high concentrations of calcium, and it was suggested that these cytoplasmic constituents may act as calcium storage sites for intracellular calcium homeostasis. The present study utilizes the calcium antagonist, verapamil, to examine the effect of calcium deprivation on the cytomorphological features of epithelial cells from amphibian urinary bladder, with particular emphasis on subapical granule and microfilament distribution.

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