Impact of school and vocational education on smoking behaviour: Results from a large-scale study on adolescents and young adults in Germany

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Setter ◽  
Richard Peter ◽  
Johannes Siegrist ◽  
Waldemar Hort
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Large Scale Study

scholarly journals Neuroimaging Findings in Adolescents and Young Adults with Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Kalliopi Kappou ◽  
Myrto Ntougia ◽  
Aikaterini Kourtesi ◽  
Eleni Panagouli ◽  
Elpis Vlachopapadopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Pubmed Central ◽  
Executive Control Network ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Weight Restoration

Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious, multifactorial mental disorder affecting predominantly young females. This systematic review examines neuroimaging findings in adolescents and young adults up to 24 years old, in order to explore alterations associated with disease pathophysiology. Methods: Eligible studies on structural and functional brain neuroimaging were sought systematically in PubMed, CENTRAL and EMBASE databases up to 5 October 2020. Results: Thirty-three studies were included, investigating a total of 587 patients with a current diagnosis of AN and 663 healthy controls (HC). Global and regional grey matter (GM) volume reduction as well as white matter (WM) microstructure alterations were detected. The mainly affected regions were the prefrontal, parietal and temporal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, insula, thalamus and cerebellum as well as various WM tracts such as corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). Regarding functional imaging, alterations were pointed out in large-scale brain networks, such as default mode network (DMN), executive control network (ECN) and salience network (SN). Most findings appear to reverse after weight restoration. Specific limitations of neuroimaging studies in still developing individuals are also discussed. Conclusions: Structural and functional alterations are present in the early course of the disease, most of them being partially or totally reversible. Nonetheless, neuroimaging findings have been open to many biological interpretations. Thus, more studies are needed to clarify their clinical significance.

The Challenge of Entering Adulthood for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

2017 ◽  
pp. 3-29
Author(s):  
Nicholas W. Gelbar ◽  
Daniel T. Volk
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Adults With Asd ◽  
Young Adults With Asd

There is a tremendous amount of variation (heterogeneity) in terms of both symptom presentation and functional ability in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The challenges faced by adolescents and emerging adults with ASD can be better understood by considering the unique sociocultural changes that most individuals experience within these stages. In general, adolescents and young adults with ASD have poor social relationship, employment, post–secondary, and independent living outcomes. Additional research efforts, particularly large-scale studies, are needed to better understand the experiences and outcomes of adolescents and young adults with ASD.

A Large-Scale Study on Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Chronic Ankle Instability in Young Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oded Hershkovich ◽  
Shay Tenenbaum ◽  
Barak Gordon ◽  
Nathan Bruck ◽  
Ran Thein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Chronic Ankle Instability ◽  
Large Scale Study

Convergence and Conflict in the Development of Moral Judgment and Religious Judgment

1995 ◽  
Vol 177 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Day ◽  
Myriam H. L. Naedts
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Moral Development ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Developmental Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Religious Development ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
The Relationship

In this article the authors present results from research that tested well-established assumptions and explored longstanding dissatisfactions concerning questions about the relationship between moral development and religious development. Relying upon classical constructs derived from the work of Lawrence Kohlberg, Fritz Oser, and certain of their colleagues, the authors translated, revalidated, and employed a measure developed by John Gibbs for the measurement of moral judgment, and developed, validated, and employed a new measure of religious judgment for the purpose of comparing moral judgment and religious judgment levels in a population of French-speaking Belgian adolescents and young adults. Their findings introduce the beginning of a large-scale empirical effort in the testing of claims central to the literature of developmental psychology and the practice of developmental education where moral and religious judgment are concerned. The results of their research also raise a series of interesting questions about conflict and convergence in moral and religious development. Readers are invited to regard these findings both as a source of reinvigoration for the constructivist case about the relatedness of moral and religious development, and as an opportunity to enquire collaboratively into a series of perplexing questions which arise therein.

Comparing belief in short-term versus long-term consequences of smoking and vaping as predictors of non-use in a 3-year nationally representative survey study of US youth

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056886
Author(s):  
Emma Jesch ◽  
Ava Irysa Kikut ◽  
Robert Hornik
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Nationally Representative

IntroductionEfforts to prevent youth tobacco use are critical to reducing smoking-related deaths in the USA. Anti-tobacco messaging often focuses on the severe long-term consequences of smoking (eg, fatal lung disease, cancer). It is unclear whether these long-term consequences are more likely to deter youth use than shorter term consequences (eg, headaches, friend disapproval).MethodsA nationally representative 3-year rolling survey of adolescents and young adults (ages 13–26 years) measured belief in potential consequences of two types of tobacco products: combustible cigarettes (n=11 847) and electronic cigarettes (n=4470) as well as intentions and current use. Independent coders classified 23 consequences as either short or long term. Logistic regression tested the associations between short-term (vs long-term) beliefs and current intentions, as well as non-smoking behaviour at 6-month follow-up.ResultsBelieving in both short-term and long-term consequences was associated with outcomes, but short-term beliefs were more highly associated with anti-smoking (OR=1.40, 95% CI (1.30 to 1.51)) and anti-vaping (OR=2.10, 95% CI (1.75 to 2.52)) intentions and better predicted non-smoking behaviour at follow-up, controlling for prior use (OR=1.75, 95% CI (1.33 to 2.31)).ConclusionsThese results support temporal discounting by adolescents and young adults and suggest health communication efforts aiming to reduce youth tobacco use should emphasise shorter term consequences.

scholarly journals Exposure to smoking in films and smoking behaviour among Norwegian 15- to 20-year-olds: a cross-sectional study

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Sæbø ◽  
Ingeborg Lund
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Susceptibility To Smoking ◽  
Group A

Studies from several countries have revealed significant effects of exposure to smoking in films on smoking behaviour and attitudes among adolescents. This study presents the first findings from the Scandinavian cultural region on this topic. With the objective to test for significant adjusted relationships between exposure to smoking in films and established smoking among 15- to 20-year-old respondents, and susceptibility to smoking among non-smokers in the same age group, a cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2008. 807 Norwegian adolescents and young adults answered a web-based questionnaire. Exposure to smoking in films is estimated by asking the respondents if they had seen films from a list of 56 popular film titles of both local and foreign origin from 2007 and 2008. Associations of exposure and smoking behaviour are tested in two logistic regression models. Respondents with the highest exposure to film smoking are more likely to be established smokers than those with no exposure (adjusted odds ratios=2.22, confidence interval=1.04-4.77). Among non-smokers, those with highest exposure to smoking in films are more likely to be susceptible to smoking than those with no exposure (adjusted odds rations=1.55, confidence interval=0.93-2.56). Film smoking is significantly associated with smoking susceptibility and established smoking among Norwegian adolescents and young adults.

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