Movement of solute and water in the cell wall apoplast as a fundamental process for respiration-dependent water transport in higher plants

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Katou ◽  
M. Furumoto
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Fundamental Process ◽  
Cell Wall Apoplast

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

scholarly journals Effect of Exogenously Applied 24-Epibrassinolide and Brassinazole on Xylogenesis and Microdistribution of Cell Wall Polymers in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) De Wit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pramod ◽  
M. Anju ◽  
H. Rajesh ◽  
A. Thulaseedharan ◽  
Karumanchi S. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Xylem Differentiation ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers

AbstractPlant growth regulators play a key role in cell wall structure and chemistry of woody plants. Understanding of these regulatory signals is important in advanced research on wood quality improvement in trees. The present study is aimed to investigate the influence of exogenous application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) and brassinosteroid inhibitor, brassinazole (BRZ) on wood formation and spatial distribution of cell wall polymers in the xylem tissue of Leucaena leucocephala using light and immuno electron microscopy methods. Brassinazole caused a decrease in cambial activity, xylem differentiation, length and width of fibres, vessel element width and radial extent of xylem suggesting brassinosteroid inhibition has a concomitant impact on cell elongation, expansion and secondary wall deposition. Histochemical studies of 24-epibrassinolide treated plants showed an increase in syringyl lignin content in the xylem cell walls. Fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed the inhomogenous pattern of lignin distribution in the cell corners and middle lamellae region of BRZ treated plants. Immunolocalization studies using LM10 and LM 11 antibodies have shown a drastic change in the micro-distribution pattern of less substituted and highly substituted xylans in the xylem fibres of plants treated with EBR and BRZ. In conclusion, present study demonstrates an important role of brassinosteroid in plant development through regulating xylogenesis and cell wall chemistry in higher plants.

Advances in the study of egg activation of higher plants

Zygote ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Peng ◽  
Zhen Kai Li ◽  
Xiao Li Ding ◽  
Hui Qiao Tian
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Egg Activation ◽  
Sperm Cells ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Cell Shrinkage ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Polarity Change ◽  
Fertilized Egg

SummaryFertilization in higher plants induces many structural and physiological changes in the fertilized egg, and represents the transition from the haploid female gamete to the diploid zygote, the first cell of a sporophyte. Some changes are induced extremely rapidly following fusion with sperm cells and are the preclusions of egg activation. This review focuses on the early changes that occur in the egg after fusion with sperm cells, but before nuclear fusion. Reported changes include cell shrinkage, cell wall formation, polarity change, oscillation in Ca2+ concentration, and DNA synthesis. In addition, the current understanding of egg activation is summarized and the possible functional relevance of the changes is explored.

Enzymatic cell wall proteins in higher plants

1995 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-229
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Federico ◽  
Maria Laurenzi ◽  
Riccardo Angelini
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Cell Wall Proteins

scholarly journals Maize WI5 encodes an endo‐1,4‐β‐xylanase required for secondary cell wall synthesis and water transport in xylem

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1607-1624
Author(s):  
Xiaojiao Hu ◽  
Yang Cui ◽  
Xiaomin Lu ◽  
Weibin Song ◽  
Lei Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Synthesis ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Synthesis

The transpiration stream in the leaf apoplast: water and solutes

1993 ◽  
Vol 341 (1295) ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Gradient Flow ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fluorescent Tracers ◽  
Transpiration Stream ◽  
Cell Wall Apoplast ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
High Concentrations

Flow of the transpiration stream in the lumen apoplast of the xylem appears hydrodynamically orthodox in being approximately described by the Hagen-Poiseuille Law, and by Murray’s Law for branching pipes. Flow may be followed in the major (supply) veins by labelling the stream with dye solutions. Progress of the dye in the stream into the minor (distribution) veins is obscured by surrounding tissues. Observations of the spread of fluorescent tracers from these veins in living leaves gave results that have been seriously misinterpreted to present a false view of the cell wall apoplast. Microscopy of the stabilized water-soluble fluorescent tracers moving out of the minor veins has revealed that: (i) the dye is separated from the water by filtration through cell membranes, and the water moves through the symplast; and (ii) the dye diffuses in the cell wall apoplast at rates 1/100 to 1/10 000 the rate of diffusion in water. As a consequence of (i), high concentrations of dye build up at sites called sumps. In grasses these sumps may be in the intercellular spaces outside the xylem. In dicotyledons these sumps are within the small tracheary elements. In fact, flow in the lumen apoplast is flow through leaky tubes, and is inadequately described by the Hagen-Poiseuille Law. Leaky tubes have a critical radius, below which (for a given pressure gradient) flow cannot occur. As a consequence of this, a wedge of xylem made up of vessels of different radii acts as a unit to concentrate dye tracers in a sump at its apex. Sumps may also be formed by evaporation of the water in the stream, especially at leaf margins. Investigations with the cryo-analytical scanning electron microscope of the natural ions of the transpiration stream reveal high concentrations of K, Cl, P and Ca in the stream in all the sizes of vessel and vein of sunflower leaves. These high concentrations appear to be produced, not by the mechanisms responsible for the formation of sumps of dyes, but by some other processes, probably occurring in the stem. The absence of sump formation by ions at the places where dyes form sumps is probably due to the more rapid penetration of the ions through the cell membranes. Reasons for the discrepancy between these measurements of salt concentrations in the stream and those obtained from sap expressed from leaves by pressure vessels are discussed. Implications of these facts for the design and interpretation of experiments with leaves are presented.

Determinations of dye diffusivities in the cell-wall apoplast of roots by a rapid method

1996 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. BAYLISS ◽  
C. DER WEELE ◽  
M. J. CANNY
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rapid Method ◽  
Cell Wall Apoplast

Nano- and microstructures in stretched and non-stretched blend gels of cellulose and hemicelluloses

Holzforschung ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 993-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes P. Roubroeks ◽  
Tetsuo Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Ordered State ◽  
Ordered Layers

Abstract Molecular interactions between cellulose and hemicelluloses, such as xyloglucan and xylan, play an important role in the formation of ordered layers in the cell wall of higher plants. This study attempts to characterize an ordered state of a matrix consisting of cellulose and hemicellulose induced by stretching never-dried binary blended films. In non-stretched films, the xylan component easily adapted into the semicrystalline state, while the xyloglucan component remained amorphous. Once both blended films were stretched, each component tended to be close enough to the adherent macromolecule, and the interaction resulted in typical morphological orders at the nano- and microscale levels. These studies could be useful in constructing new bio-derived materials, as well as understanding the molecular interactions between the polymers.

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