An analysis of seed development inPisum sativum V. Fluorescence triple staining for investigating cotyledon cell development

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 140 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 164-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona M. K. Corke ◽  
C. L. Hedley ◽  
P. J. Shaw ◽  
T. L. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Cotyledon Cell ◽  
Triple Staining

Cotyledon cell development in Arabidopsis thaliana during reserve deposition

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Mansfield ◽  
L. G. Briarty
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Biological Membrane ◽  
Lipid Body ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Cotyledon Cell

Cotyledon cell development in Arabidopsis thaliana L. during reserve deposition has been analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Development has been related to the previously defined time scale for Arabidopsis, hours after flowering. Between 144 and 216 h after flowering the major cell changes in the cotyledon are an increase in the cell volume, a decrease in the volume fraction of cytoplasm and plastids, and an increase in lipid and vacuole volume fractions. The endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosome volume fractions are high during early reserve formation (144 – 168 h after flowering) but decrease significantly thereafter. Evidence as to the origin of the storage lipid is inconclusive, although a dual involvement of plastids and rough endoplasmic reticulum is a likely theory. The 3-nm lipid body membrane, which allows the bodies to retain their individuality during accumulation, is probably a half-unit biological membrane, derived from closely associated rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Much of the evidence obtained in this study indicates that both the endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes are involved in protein synthesis and transport to the vacuole. The accumulation of reserves occurs in a well-defined and relatively short period during late embryogenesis (144–216 h after flowering). Key words: Arabidopsis, cotyledons, embryogenesis, reserve deposition, stereology.

shrunken4 is a mutant allele of ZmYSL2 that affects aleurone development and starch synthesis in maize

Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonghui He ◽  
Qing Yang ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Yong-Fei Wang ◽  
Xiaoliang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Xenopus Laevis Oocytes ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Maize Seed ◽  
Starchy Endosperm ◽  
Aleurone Cell

Abstract Minerals are stored in the aleurone layer and embryo during maize seed development, but how they affect endosperm development and activity is unclear. Here, we cloned the gene underlying the classic maize kernel mutant shrunken4 (sh4) and found that it encodes the YELLOW STRIPE-LIKE oligopeptide metal transporter ZmYSL2. sh4 kernels had a shrunken phenotype with developmental defects in the aleurone layer and starchy endosperm cells. ZmYSL2 showed iron and zinc transporter activity in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Analysis using a specific antibody indicated that ZmYSL2 predominately accumulated in the aleurone and sub-aleurone layers in endosperm and the scutellum in embryos. Specific iron deposition was observed in the aleurone layer in wild-type kernels. In sh4, however, the outermost monolayer of endosperm cells failed to accumulate iron and lost aleurone cell characteristics, indicating that proper functioning of ZmYSL2 and iron accumulation are essential for aleurone cell development. Transcriptome analysis of sh4 endosperm revealed that loss of ZmYSL2 function affects the expression of genes involved in starch synthesis and degradation processes, which is consistent with the delayed development and premature degradation of starch grains in sh4 kernels. Therefore, ZmYSL2 is critical for aleurone cell development and starchy endosperm cell activity during maize seed development.

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