Analysis of neuronal processes in activating systems of rat brain during development of the instrumental defense reflex

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
V. I. Slezin ◽  
B. Yu. Mileikovskii ◽  
S. V. Verevkina
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Neuronal Processes ◽  
Defense Reflex

scholarly journals Hypobaric Hypoxia Imbalances Mitochondrial Dynamics in Rat Brain Hippocampus

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushbu Jain ◽  
Dipti Prasad ◽  
Shashi Bala Singh ◽  
Ekta Kohli
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Hypobaric Hypoxia ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Mitochondrial Fusion ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Neuronal Processes ◽  
Degree Of Association

Brain is predominantly susceptible to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction during hypobaric hypoxia, and therefore undergoes neurodegeneration due to energy crisis. Evidences illustrate a high degree of association for mitochondrial fusion/fission imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial fusion/fission is a recently reported dynamic mechanism which frequently occurs among cellular mitochondrial network. Hence, the study investigated the temporal alteration and involvement of abnormal mitochondrial dynamics (fusion/fission) along with disturbed mitochondrial functionality during chronic exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (HH). The Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to simulated high altitude equivalent to 25000 ft for 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Mitochondrial morphology, distribution within neurons, enzyme activity of respiratory complexes,Δψm, ADP: ATP, and expression of fission/fusion key proteins were determined. Results demonstrated HH induced alteration in mitochondrial morphology by damaged, small mitochondria observed in neurons with disturbance of mitochondrial functionality and reduced mitochondrial density in neuronal processes manifested by excessive mitochondrial fragmentation (fission) and decreased mitochondrial fusion as compared to unexposed rat brain hippocampus. The study suggested that imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics is one of the noteworthy mechanisms occurring in hippocampal neurons during HH insult.

Distribution of CGRP and CGRP receptor components in the rat brain

Cephalalgia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Warfvinge ◽  
Lars Edvinsson
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide ◽  
Receptor Activity ◽  
Calcitonin Receptor ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Peptide Receptor ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Neuronal Processes

Background Calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptor, consisting of receptor activity-modifying protein 1 and calcitonin receptor-like receptor, are of considerable interest because of the role they play in migraine and recently developed migraine therapies. Methods To better understand the function of this neuropeptide, we used immunohistochemistry to determine a detailed distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 and calcitonin receptor-like receptor in the rat brain in a region of 0.5–1.5 mm lateral to the midline. We found calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in most of the neurons of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, thalamic nuclei, hypothalamic nuclei and brainstem nuclei. In contrast, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 and calcitonin receptor-like receptor immunoreactivity were found almost exclusively in the neuronal processes in the investigated regions. Conclusion Overall, the degree of expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor components in the central nervous system is astonishingly complex and suggestive of many different brain functions, including a possible role in migraine. However, currently, the presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and the nature of its receptors throughout the brain is an enigma yet to be solved.

scholarly journals A new 440-kD isoform is the major ankyrin in neonatal rat brain.

1991 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 1319-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kunimoto ◽  
E Otto ◽  
V Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Membrane Binding ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Regulatory Domain ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Skeletal Protein ◽  
Neuronal Processes

This report describes initial characterization of a 440-kD isoform of brain ankyrin (ankyrinB) representing an alternatively spliced mRNA product of the gene encoding the major isoform of ankyrin in adult human brain (Otto, E., M. Kunimoto, T. McLaughlin, V. Bennett, J. Cell Biology. 114:241-253). Northern and immunoblot analyses indicate that 440-kD ankyrinB includes the spectrin and membrane-binding domains as well as a regulatory domain of the major 220-kD isoform. 440-kD ankyrinB contains, in addition, a sequence of a predicted size of 220 kD which is inserted between the regulatory domain and spectrin/membrane-binding domains. 440-kD ankyrinB has properties expected of a peripherally associated membrane-skeletal protein: it is exclusively present in the particulate fraction of brain homogenates, is extracted with NaOH, and remains associated with Triton-X-100-resistant structures. Expression of 440-kD ankyrinB in rat brain began at birth before other ankyrins could be detected, peaked 10 d after birth, and then decreased progressively to 30% of the maximum in adults. Expression of the 220-kD ankyrinB and ankyrinR (erythroid ankyrin) began approximately 10 d after the 440-kD isoform, increased rapidly between 10 and 15 d after birth, and finally achieved their maximal levels in adults. 440-kD ankyrinB is present in approximately equivalent amounts in all regions of neonatal brain while in adult brain it is present in highest levels in cerebellum and lowest in brain stem. 440-kD ankyrinB was localized by immunofluorescence in regions of neonatal and adult brain containing primarily dendrites and unmyelinated axons. 440-kD ankyrinB thus may play a specialized role in neuronal processes.

scholarly journals NADPH-Diaphorase Neurons Contacting the Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Ventricles of Rat Brain

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Sancesario ◽  
Maria Morello ◽  
Roberto Massa ◽  
Francesca R. Fusco ◽  
Vincenza D'Angelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Diaphorase Activity ◽  
Ependymal Layer ◽  
Neuronal Processes ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity

Two populations of scattered neurons containing nitric oxide synthase activity were detected in the wall of the third and lateral cerebral ventricles of rat brain, using histochemistry for NADPH-diaphorase activity. One type was multipolar and lay supraependymally, with dendrites oriented in the plane of the ependymal layer. The second type was bipolar and was situated subependymally, with dendrites extending in opposite directions, either into the surrounding brain tissue or to the ventricular surface. Moreover, multipolar neurons, situated in the corpus callosum and in the subcortical white matter, had long varicose dendrites extending toward the roof of the lateral ventricles. As a result, numerous NADPH-diaphorase neurites spread out on the free surface of the ependymal layer in contact with the CSF. These observations raise the possibility that periventricular nitrergic neurons play an essential role in registering the composition of the CSF and in modulating subcortical cerebral blood flow. A further possibility is that supraependymal nitrergic neuronal processes are effectors regulating activity of ependymal cells.

scholarly journals Absence of pituitary prolactin epitopes in immunoreactive prolactin of rat brain.

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
R E Harlan ◽  
J G Scammell
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Rat Pituitary ◽  
Neuronal Processes ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Pituitary Prolactin ◽  
The Brain

Immunoreactive prolactin (ir-PRL) in rat brain has been consistently documented. However, the identity of this ir-PRL is controversial. Ir-PRL is defined by its ability to bind to PRL antibodies. All previous studies of brain ir-PRL have used polyclonal antibodies, at least one of which apparently crossreacts with a portion of the proopiomelanocortin molecule. To begin to define the epitopes comprising ir-PRL in the brain, we utilized two monoclonal antibodies (MAb) that recognize pituitary PRL in a variety of species, including rat. Immunocytochemistry was performed on rat brains and pituitary glands using two monoclonal and one polyclonal PRL antibody. Although both MAb immunostained lactotrophs of the rat pituitary gland, neither antibody immunostained cell bodies or neuronal processes in the brain. However, the polyclonal antiserum immunostained lactotrophs and a system of neuronal cell bodies and processes in the brain. Thus, epitopes found in pituitary PRL from several species are not found in ir-PRL in rat brain.

cDNA cloning and expression of a gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor epsilon-subunit in rat brain

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4318-4330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Moragues ◽  
Philippe Ciofi ◽  
Pierrette Lafon ◽  
Marie-Francoise Odessa ◽  
Gerard Tramu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Cdna Cloning ◽  
Cloning And Expression ◽  
Epsilon Subunit

Antisense knockdown of the glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 exacerbates hippocampal neuronal damage following traumatic injury to rat brain

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vemuganti L. Raghavendra Rao ◽  
Aclan Dogan ◽  
Kellie K. Bowen ◽  
Kathryn G. Todd ◽  
Robert J. Dempsey
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Glial Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Antisense Knockdown

Inhibition of Rat Brain Monoamine Oxidase Activities by Psoralen and Isopsoralen: Implications for the Treatment of Affective Disorders

2001 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Dong Kong ◽  
Ren Xiang Tan ◽  
Anthony Yiu Ho Woo ◽  
Christopher Hon Ki Cheng2Note
Keyword(s):  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Brain Monoamine
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