Vaccination today and tomorrow

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Increasing Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Approaches

The vaccines against infectious diseases in use today are, with few exceptions, prepared from the causal agents themselves, either by inactivating them with a chemical such as formaldehyde or by attenuating them so that they grow and thus evoke an immune response in the natural host but cause no disease. These empirical approaches have produced many highly successful vaccines. Increasing knowledge at the molecular level of the agents and of the immune response to protein antigent is now providing us with the opportunity to design vaccines that will elicit protective responses without the need to use the agents themselves. The critical issue is to identify the immune responses that correlate with protection.

scholarly journals The immunological impact of adenovirus early genes on vaccine-induced responses in mice and nonhuman primates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotou Sangare ◽  
Iskra Tuero ◽  
Mohammad Arif Rahman ◽  
Tanya Hoang ◽  
Leia K. Miller-Novak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Early Region ◽  
Early Genes ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
In Cells

Adenovirus (Ad) is being explored for use in the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases and cancers. Ad with a deletion in early region 3 (ΔE3) provokes a stronger immune response than Ad with deletions in early regions 1 and E3 (ΔE1/ΔE3). The ΔE1/ΔE3 Ads are more popular because they can carry a larger transgene and because of the deleted E1 (E1A and E1B), are perceived safer for clinical use. Ad with a deletion in E1B55K (ΔE1B55K) has been in phase III clinical trials for use in cancer therapy in the US and has been approved for use in head and neck tumor therapy in China, demonstrating that Ad containing E1A are safe for clinical use. We have shown previously that ΔE1B55K Ad, even while promoting lower levels of an inserted transgene, promoted similar levels of transgene-specific immune responses as a ΔE3 Ad. Products of the Ad early region 4 (E4) limit the ability of cells to mount an innate immune response. Using this knowledge, we deleted the Ad E4 open reading frames 1-4 (E4orf1-4) from the ΔE1B55K Ad. Here, we show that innate cytokine network genes are elevated in the ΔE4 Ad-infected cells beyond that of ΔE3 Ad-infected cells. Further, in immunized mice the IgG2a subclass was favored as was the IgG1 subclass in immunized nonhuman primates. Thus, Ad E4 impacts immune responses in cells, in immunized mice, and immunized nonhuman primates. These Ad may offer advantages that are beneficial for clinical use. Importance: Adenovirus (Ad) is being explored for use in the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases and cancers. Here we provide evidence in cells, mice, and nonhuman primates supporting the notion that Ad early gene-products limit specific immune responses. Ad constructed with deletions in early genes and expressing HIV envelope protein was shown to induce greater HIV-specific cellular immune responses and higher titer antibodies compared to the parental Ad with the early genes. In addition to eliciting enhanced immunity, the deleted Ad possesses more space for insertion of additional or larger transgenes needed for targeting other infectious agents or cancers.

scholarly journals Flagellin Fusion Proteins as Adjuvants or Vaccines Induce Specific Immune Responses

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 2810-2816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilo Cuadros ◽  
Francisco J. Lopez-Hernandez ◽  
Ana Lucia Dominguez ◽  
Michael McClelland ◽  
Joseph Lustgarten
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Fusion Proteins ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Egfp Fusion Protein

ABSTRACT Vaccination is the most efficient prophylaxis against a variety of infectious diseases. New vaccination strategies rely on the incorporation of effective adjuvants, which stimulate the innate immune response and, in turn, activate the adaptive immune response. It is well established that flagellin induces inflammatory responses through the activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In order to evaluate whether flagellin can serve as a carrier for the development of adjuvants or vaccines, we prepared a flagellin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion protein. Our results demonstrate that a flagellin-EGFP fusion protein is capable of stimulating APCs, resulting in the maturation of these cells and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, APCs pulsed with the flagellin-EGFP fusion protein effectively process and present EGFP antigens. More importantly, animals immunized with the flagellin-EGFP fusion protein developed specific anti-EGFP T-cell responses. In contrast, recombinant EGFP was not able to stimulate APCs, nor did it induce a T-cell response. Thus, recombinant-flagellin fusion proteins may be suitable carriers as adjuvants or vaccines for the development of new vaccination strategies to induce and boost immune responses against infectious diseases and cancer.

Mitochondrial DNA in innate immune responses against infectious diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 2823-2838
Author(s):  
Palamou Das ◽  
Oishee Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Activation Mechanism ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Innate Immune Responses

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can initiate an innate immune response when mislocalized in a compartment other than the mitochondrial matrix. mtDNA plays significant roles in regulating mitochondrial dynamics as well as mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR). The mislocalized extra-mtDNA can elicit innate immune response via cGAS–STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase–stimulator of interferon genes) pathway, inducing the expression of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Also, cytosolic damaged mtDNA is cleared up by various pathways which are responsible for participating in the activation of inflammatory responses. Four pathways of extra-mitochondrial mtDNA clearance are highlighted in this review — the inflammasome activation mechanism, neutrophil extracellular traps formation, recognition by Toll-like receptor 9 and transfer of mtDNA between cells packaged into extracellular vesicles. Anomalies in these pathways are associated with various diseases. We posit our review in the present pandemic situation and discuss how mtDNA elicits innate immune responses against different viruses and bacteria. This review gives a comprehensive picture of the role of extra-mitochondrial mtDNA in infectious diseases and speculates that research towards its understanding would help establish its therapeutic potential.

scholarly journals Development of Dog Immune System: From in Uterus to Elderly

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Pereira ◽  
Ana Valério-Bolas ◽  
Cátia Saraiva-Marques ◽  
Graça Alexandre-Pires ◽  
Isabel Pereira da Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Great Risk ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Current Article

Immune system recognize and fight back foreign microorganisms and inner modifications that lead to deficient cell and tissue functions. During a dog’s life, the immune system needs to adapt to different physiological conditions, assuring surveillance and protection in a careful and controlled way. Pregnancy alters normal homeostasis, requiring a balance between immunity and tolerance. The embryos and fetus should be protected from infections, while the female dog must tolerate the growing of semi-allografts in her uterus. After birth, newborn puppies are at great risk of developing infectious diseases, because their immune system is in development and immune memory is absent. Passive transfer of immunity through colostrum is fundamental for puppy survival in the first weeks of life, but hampers the development of an active immune response to vaccination. At the end of life, dogs experience a decline in the structure and functional competence of the immune system, compromising the immune responses to novel antigenic challenges, such as infections and vaccines. Therefore, the current article reviews the general processes related to the development of the dog´s immune system, providing an overview of immune activity throughout the dog’s life and its implications in canine health, and highlighting priority research goals.

scholarly journals Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors in Regulating the Immune Response in Infectious Diseases: A Window of Opportunity to Pathogen Persistence and a Sound Target in Therapeutics

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Abdallah ◽  
Sixtine Coindre ◽  
Margaux Gardet ◽  
Florian Meurisse ◽  
Abderrahim Naji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Persistent Inflammation ◽  
Pathogen Persistence ◽  
Genetic Organisation ◽  
The One ◽  
Immunoregulatory Receptors ◽  
Organisation Structure

Immunoregulatory receptors are essential for orchestrating an immune response as well as appropriate inflammation in infectious and non-communicable diseases. Among them, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs) consist of activating and inhibitory receptors that play an important role in regulating immune responses modulating the course of disease progression. On the one hand, inhibitory LILRs constitute a safe-guard system that mitigates the inflammatory response, allowing a prompt return to immune homeostasis. On the other hand, because of their unique capacity to attenuate immune responses, pathogens use inhibitory LILRs to evade immune recognition, thus facilitating their persistence within the host. Conversely, the engagement of activating LILRs triggers immune responses and the production of inflammatory mediators to fight microbes. However, their heightened activation could lead to an exacerbated immune response and persistent inflammation with major consequences on disease outcome and autoimmune disorders. Here, we review the genetic organisation, structure and ligands of LILRs as well as their role in regulating the immune response and inflammation. We also discuss the LILR-based strategies that pathogens use to evade immune responses. A better understanding of the contribution of LILRs to host–pathogen interactions is essential to define appropriate treatments to counteract the severity and/or persistence of pathogens in acute and chronic infectious diseases lacking efficient treatments.

Synthetic Peptides and Purified Antigens as Vaccines

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Brown
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Synthetic Peptides ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Empirical Approach

AbstractMolecular biology and, in particular, knowledge of the immune response at the molecular level provide the research community with the opportunity to design vaccines that will elicit the appropriate responses for many diseases. The critical issue is to identify the immune response that correlates with protection. It is remarkable how well the empirical approach has worked; it is essential, therefore, not to ignore the lessons to be learned from these successes. It is particularly essential that each disease and the immune response that affords protection be studied individually so that the appropriate responses can be induced.

scholarly journals Strategies for Immunomonitoring after Vaccination and during Infection

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Lucille Adam ◽  
Pierre Rosenbaum ◽  
Olivia Bonduelle ◽  
Behazine Combadière
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Data Integration ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Viral Control ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Holistic Approaches ◽  
Immune Efficacy

Immunomonitoring is the study of an individual’s immune responses over the course of vaccination or infection. In the infectious context, exploring the innate and adaptive immune responses will help to investigate their contribution to viral control or toxicity. After vaccination, immunomonitoring of the correlate(s) and surrogate(s) of protection is a major asset for measuring vaccine immune efficacy. Conventional immunomonitoring methods include antibody-based technologies that are easy to use. However, promising sensitive high-throughput technologies allowed the emergence of holistic approaches. This raises the question of data integration methods and tools. These approaches allow us to increase our knowledge on immune mechanisms as well as the identification of key effectors of the immune response. However, the depiction of relevant findings requires a well-rounded consideration beforehand about the hypotheses, conception, organization and objectives of the immunomonitoring. Therefore, well-standardized and comprehensive studies fuel insight to design more efficient, rationale-based vaccines and therapeutics to fight against infectious diseases. Hence, we will illustrate this review with examples of the immunomonitoring approaches used during vaccination and the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Astragalus Polysaccharides Enhance the Immune Response to OVA Antigen in BALB/c Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yumei Zhou ◽  
Yuhan Zong ◽  
Zihao Liu ◽  
Haihong Zhao ◽  
Xiaoshan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cpg Oligodeoxynucleotide ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Selection Of

Vaccination has been identified as one of the most effective ways to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases in humans and animals. One of the most critical steps in vaccine development is the selection of a suitable adjuvant. Although various adjuvant candidates have been evaluated in the past few decades, only a limited amount of them are nontoxic and safe for human use. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), due to its lack of toxicity, has been used as an immunomodulator to enhance immune responses. On the other hand, the immune effects of APS on ovalbumin are yet to be examined. Thus, in this study, we analyzed APS’s effects on the immune response to ovalbumin in BALB/c mice. We have also used the classic adjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide as the positive control.

Oral Immune Activation by Disgust and Disease-Related Pictures

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Stevenson ◽  
Deborah Hodgson ◽  
Megan J. Oaten ◽  
Luba Sominsky ◽  
Mehmet Mahmut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Image Set

Abstract. Both disgust and disease-related images appear able to induce an innate immune response but it is unclear whether these effects are independent or rely upon a common shared factor (e.g., disgust or disease-related cognitions). In this study we directly compared these two inductions using specifically generated sets of images. One set was disease-related but evoked little disgust, while the other set was disgust evoking but with less disease-relatedness. These two image sets were then compared to a third set, a negative control condition. Using a wholly within-subject design, participants viewed one image set per week, and provided saliva samples, before and after each viewing occasion, which were later analyzed for innate immune markers. We found that both the disease related and disgust images, relative to the negative control images, were not able to generate an innate immune response. However, secondary analyses revealed innate immune responses in participants with greater propensity to feel disgust following exposure to disease-related and disgusting images. These findings suggest that disgust images relatively free of disease-related themes, and disease-related images relatively free of disgust may be suboptimal cues for generating an innate immune response. Not only may this explain why disgust propensity mediates these effects, it may also imply a common pathway.

scholarly journals Coupled complementation of immune response genes controlling responsiveness to the H-2.2 alloantigen.

1977 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
M E Dorf ◽  
J H Stimpfling
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Mixed Lymphocyte Culture ◽  
Lymphocyte Culture ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Gene Control ◽  
Low Responder ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
High Level

The ability of various B10 congenic resistant strains to respond to the alloantigen H-2.2 was tested. High and low antibody-producing strains were distinguished by their anti-H-2.2 hemagglutinating respones. However, these strains do not differ in their ability to respond to these antigenic differences in the mixed lymphocyte culture. The humoral response to the H-2.2 alloantigen was shown to be controlled by two interacting genes localized within the H-2 complex. Thus, F1 hybrids prepared between parental low responder strains could yield high level immune responses. In addition, strains bearing recombinant H-2 haplotypes were used to map the two distinct genes controlling the immune response. The alleles at each locus were shown to be highly polymorphic as evidenced by the asymmetric complementation patterns observed. The restricted interactions of specific alleles was termed coupled complementation. The significance of the results in the terms of mechanisms of Ir gene control are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document