Reciprocal axo-axonal synapses between the common inhibitor and excitor motoneurons in crustacean limb muscles

1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pearce ◽  
C. K. Govind
Keyword(s):  
Common Inhibitor ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
The Common

Innervation of the Anterior and Posterior Levator Muscles of the Fifth Leg of the Crab Carcinus Maenas

1987 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-248
Author(s):  
STACIA MOFFETT ◽  
DANIEL P. YOX ◽  
LINDA B. KAHAN ◽  
RICHARD L. RIDGWAY
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Levator Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Motor Innervation ◽  
Postsynaptic Potentials ◽  
Common Inhibitor ◽  
The Common ◽  
Nerve Recordings

In the fifth pair of legs, the anterior levator muscle of the basi-ischiopodite (AL) consists of a dorsal thoracic head (ALd), two closely aligned ventral thoracic heads (ALv) and a small coxal head (ALc). Major thoracic subdivisions are separately innervated, whereas the nerve innervating the coxal head projects from ALd. The posterior levator (PL) is located in the coxa and is separately innervated. Nerve recordings, dye backfilling, muscle fibre recordings and nerve crosssections yielded somewhat different estimates for the levator motor innervation. Nerve backfills reveal at least 10 motoneurones supplying AL: six shared by ALd and ALv, one unique to ALv and three unique to ALd. Nerve recordings reveal six motoneurones supplying ALd and five supplying ALv. Four (including the common inhibitor) are shared by ALd and ALv and six project from ALd to ALc. Most AL muscle fibres are innervated by two or three motoneurones, but fibres innervated by five were encountered. Postsynaptic potentials ranging from small (<1-5 mV) to large (15–25 mV) were found distributed throughout AL. PL is innervated by two excitors not shared with AL and by the common inhibitor. Electron micrographs reveal more axons than any of the methods for counting motoneurones. Neurones with axon diameters below 3 μm are likely to be sensory.

Properties of the Common Inhibitor Binding Domain in Mitochondrial NADH-Dehydrogenase (Complex I)

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. A82-A82
Author(s):  
Jürgen G. Okun ◽  
Volker Zickermann ◽  
Hermann Schägger ◽  
Ulrich Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Complex I ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Inhibitor Binding ◽  
Common Inhibitor ◽  
The Common ◽  
Dehydrogenase Complex

scholarly journals On the Function of a Locust Flight Steering Muscle and its Inhibitory Innervation

1990 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARALD WOLF
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Efferent Nerve ◽  
Common Inhibitor ◽  
Horizontal Flight ◽  
Segmental Ganglion ◽  
The Common ◽  
Flight Steering ◽  
Aerodynamic Angle ◽  
Fine Adjustment

1. In tethered flying locusts, the pleuroalar (or pleuroaxillary) muscle of the forewing (M85) was stimulated via its efferent nerve. The effect on the angular setting of the wing was observed using photogrammetry. Maximal tetanic contraction of the muscle reduced downstroke pronation and upstroke supination by more than 25°. A more physiological stimulus regime resulted in angular changes of about 7°, which is near the range observed during steering manoeuvres. This confirms that the pleuroalar muscle plays an important role in adjusting the wing's aerodynamic angle of attack, as proposed in anatomical studies by Pfau (1978). 2. Unit a of the pleuroalar muscle was found to be innervated by the common inhibitor neurone 1 (CI) of the segmental ganglion. IJPs with amplitudes between 2 and 10mV were elicited by action potentials in CI. 3. A basic tonus was observed in the pleuroalar muscle in the absence of activity in excitatory motoneurones. CI input reduced this basic contracture but did not affect EJPs or muscle twitches elicited by excitatory input. 4. Activity of the common inhibitor was recorded intracellularly and with nerve electrodes in tethered flying locusts. Tonic discharges were observed with spike frequencies ranging from 5 to 35 Hz, 25 Hz being a typical value. 5. EMG recordings from the two units of the pleuroalar muscle showed that only unit a was active during most horizontal flight sequences. While its discharge was modulated in response to imposed roll movements, unit b was recruited primarily during ipsilateral roll. These results indicate functional specialization between pleuroalar muscle units a and b and suggest that the inhibitory innervation of unit a functions in the fine adjustment of wing pronation.

scholarly journals Motor Control of Movements of the Antennal Flagellum in the Australian Crayfish, Euastacus Armatus

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID C. SANDEMAN ◽  
LON A. WILKENS
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Physiological Study ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Flexor Muscle ◽  
Common Inhibitor ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Motor Neurones ◽  
The Common ◽  
Phase Relationships

1. Voluntary and reflexive antennal movements of an Australian fresh-water crayfish are described. 2. An anatomical and physiological study showed that the flagellar flexor muscle is innervated by three motor neurones (a common inhibitor and two exciters) and the flagellar extensor muscle receives four motor neurones (a common inhibitor and three exciters). 3. The discharges of three of the motor neurones to the flexor and extensor muscles (tonic flexor, tonic extensor, common inhibitor) were recorded simultaneously with the movements of the flagellum in intact but restrained animals. Phase relationships between flexors and extensors are not simply antagonistic for all voluntary movements. The common inhibitor is more often in phase with, or leads, tonic extensor activity, than tonic flexor activity.

A neuromechanical model exploring the role of the common inhibitor motor neuron in insect locomotion

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mantas Naris ◽  
Nicholas S. Szczecinski ◽  
Roger D. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Insect Locomotion ◽  
Common Inhibitor ◽  
The Common

Catalogue reduction techniques

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 389-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chr. de Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Measuring Process ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Observational Technique ◽  
The Common ◽  
Astrometric Data

AbstractReduction techniques as applied to astrometric data material tend to split up traditionally into at least two different classes according to the observational technique used, namely transit circle observations and photographic observations. Although it is not realized fully in practice at present, the application of a blockadjustment technique for all kind of catalogue reductions is suggested. The term blockadjustment shall denote in this context the common adjustment of the principal unknowns which are the positions, proper motions and certain reduction parameters modelling the systematic properties of the observational process. Especially for old epoch catalogue data we frequently meet the situation that no independent detailed information on the telescope properties and other instrumental parameters, describing for example the measuring process, is available from special calibration observations or measurements; therefore the adjustment process should be highly self-calibrating, that means: all necessary information has to be extracted from the catalogue data themselves. Successful applications of this concept have been made already in the field of aerial photogrammetry.

Reflex Responses in Upper Limb Muscles to Cutaneous Stimuli

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Cutaneous Reflexes ◽  
Focal Lesions ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Conduction Velocities ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Biphasic Responses

ABSTRACT:Cutaneous reflexes in the upper limb were elicited by stimulating digital nerves and recorded by averaging rectified EMG from proximal and distal upper limb muscles during voluntary contraction. Distal muscles often showed a triphasic response: an inhibition with onset about 50 ms (Il) followed by a facilitation with onset about 60 ms (E2) followed by another inhibition with onset about 80 ms (12). Proximal muscles generally showed biphasic responses beginning with facilitation or inhibition with onset at about 40 ms. Normal ranges for the amplitude of these components were established from recordings on 22 arms of 11 healthy subjects. An attempt was made to determine the alterent fibers responsible for the various components by varying the stimulus intensity, by causing ischemic block of larger fibers and by estimating the afferent conduction velocities. The central pathways mediating these reflexes were examined by estimating central delays and by studying patients with focal lesions

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