Anti-GABA antibodies label a subpopulation of chemical synapses which modulate an electrical synapse in crayfish

1990 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 929-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Leitch ◽  
W. J. Heitler ◽  
J. L. S. Cobb ◽  
R. M. Pitman
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Synapse ◽  
Chemical Synapses

scholarly journals Asymmetry of an intracellular scaffold at vertebrate electrical synapses

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey J Marsh ◽  
Jennifer Carlisle Michel ◽  
Anisha P Adke ◽  
Emily L Heckman ◽  
Adam C Miller
Keyword(s):  
Gap Junction ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Electrical Synapse ◽  
Electrical Synapses ◽  
Gap Junction Channels ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Chemical Synapses ◽  
And Function

AbstractNeuronal synaptic connections are electrical or chemical and together are essential to dynamically defining neural circuit function. While chemical synapses are well known for their biochemical complexity, electrical synapses are often viewed as comprised solely of neuronal gap junction channels that allow direct ionic and metabolic communication. However, associated with the gap junction channels are structures observed by electron microscopy called the Electrical Synapse Density (ESD). The ESD has been suggested to be critical for the formation and function of the electrical synapse, yet the biochemical makeup of these structures is poorly understood. Here we find that electrical synapse formation in vivo requires an intracellular scaffold called Tight Junction Protein 1b (Tjp1b). Tjp1b is localized to electrical synapses where it is required for the stabilization of the gap junction channels and for electrical synapse function. Strikingly, we find that Tjp1b protein localizes and functions asymmetrically, exclusively on the postsynaptic side of the synapse. Our findings support a novel model in which there is molecular asymmetry at the level of the intracellular scaffold that is required for building the electrical synapse. ESD molecular asymmetries may be a fundamental motif of all nervous systems and could support functional asymmetry at the electrical synapse.

scholarly journals Theoretical Analysis of Coupled Modified Hindmarsh-rose Model Under Transcranial Magnetic-acoustic Electrical Stimulation

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 610-617
Author(s):  
Liang Guo ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jiankang Wu ◽  
Xinyu Gao ◽  
Mingkang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Electrical Synapse ◽  
Discharge Frequency ◽  
Neural Network Modeling ◽  
Chemical Synapse ◽  
Chemical Synapses

Transcranial magnetic-acoustic electrical stimulation (TMAES) is a new technology with ultrasonic waves and a static magnetic field to generate an electric current in nerve tissues to modulate neuronal firing activities. The existing neuron models only simulate a single neuron, and there are few studies on coupled neurons models about TMAES. Most of the neurons in the cerebral cortex are not isolated but are coupled to each other. It is necessary to study the information transmission of coupled neurons. The types of neuron coupled synapses include electrical synapse and chemical synapse. A neuron model without considering chemical synapses is not comprehensive. Here, we modified the Hindmarsh-Rose (HR) model to simulate the smallest nervous system—two neurons coupled electrical synapses and chemical synapses under TMAES. And the environmental variables describing the synaptic coupling between two neurons and the nonlinearity of the nervous system are also taken into account. The firing behavior of the nervous system can be modulated by changing the intensity or the modulation frequency. The results show that within a certain range of parameters, the discharge frequency of coupled neurons could be increased by altering the modulation frequency, and intensity of stimulation, modulating the excitability of neurons, reducing the response time of chemical postsynaptic neurons, and accelerating the information transferring. Moreover, the discharge frequency of neurons was selective to stimulus parameters. These results demonstrate the possible theoretical regulatory mechanism of the neurons' firing frequency characteristics by TMAES. The study establishes the foundation for large-scale neural network modeling and can be taken as the theoretical basis for TMAES experimental and clinical application.

scholarly journals Extensive GJD2 Expression in the Song Motor Pathway Reveals the Extent of Electrical Synapses in the Songbird Brain

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1099
Author(s):  
Pepe Alcami ◽  
Santhosh Totagera ◽  
Nina Sohnius-Wilhelmi ◽  
Stefan Leitner ◽  
Benedikt Grothe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Electrical Synapse ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Electrical Synapses ◽  
Connexin 36 ◽  
Chemical Synapses

Birdsong is a precisely timed animal behavior. The connectivity of song premotor neural networks has been proposed to underlie the temporal patterns of neuronal activity that control vo-cal muscle movements during singing. Although the connectivity of premotor nuclei via chemical synapses has been characterized, electrical synapses and their molecular identity remain unex-plored. We show with in situ hybridizations that GJD2 mRNA, coding for the major channel-form-ing electrical synapse protein in mammals, connexin 36, is expressed in the two nuclei that control song production, HVC and RA from canaries and zebra finches. In canaries’ HVC, GJD2 mRNA is extensively expressed in GABAergic and only a fraction of glutamatergic cells. By contrast, in RA, GJD2 mRNA expression is widespread in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Remarkably, GJD2 expression is similar in song nuclei and their respective embedding brain regions, revealing the widespread expression of GJD2 in the avian brain. Inspection of a single-cell sequencing data-base from zebra and Bengalese finches generalizes the distributions of electrical synapses across cell types and song nuclei that we found in HVC and RA from canaries, reveals a differential GJD2 mRNA expression in HVC glutamatergic subtypes and its transient increase along the neurogenic lineage. We propose that songbirds are a suitable model to investigate the contribution of electrical synapses to motor skill learning and production.

scholarly journals Interactions of the Giant Fibres and Motor Giant Neurones of the Hermit Crab

1987 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-370
Author(s):  
W. J. HEITLER ◽  
K. FRASER
Keyword(s):  
Hermit Crab ◽  
Electrical Synapse ◽  
Chemical Synapse ◽  
Electrical Synapses ◽  
Giant Fibre ◽  
Giant Neurone ◽  
Giant Fibres ◽  
Chemical Synapses ◽  
Contralateral Motor ◽  
Recent Claim

A recent claim that the giant fibre of the hermit crab excites its contralateral motor giant neurone through a chemical rather than an electrical synapse (Stephens, 1986) was re-examined. We found that the reported increased latency (relative to the electrical ipsilateral synapse) was postsynaptic in origin, as was the increased spike ‘jitter’. There was no difference in synaptic latency between the electrical synapse and the supposed chemical one. We did not find a consistent resistance to N-ethylmaleimide (an uncoupler of electrical synapses) by the supposed chemical synapse, but the synapse was resistant to 2 mmol 1−1 cadmium, which blocks known chemical synapses in the system. Sub-threshold depolarizing current passed from the presynaptic giant fibre to the postsynaptic contralateral motor giant, and hyperpolarizing current passed antidromically. We conclude that the synapse is electrical and not chemical in nature.

Electrical and Chemical Synapses Between Giant Interneurones and Giant Flexor Motor Neurones of the Hermit Crab (Pagurus Pollicaris)

1986 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-228
Author(s):  
PHILIP J. STEPHENS
Keyword(s):  
Hermit Crab ◽  
Synaptic Connection ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Electrical Synapse ◽  
Synaptic Delay ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Lucifer Yellow Ch ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Motor Neurones ◽  
Chemical Synapses

1. An examination is made of the characteristics of the synapses between the single pair of giant interneurones (GIs) and the giant flexor motor neurones (GFMNs) in the fused thoracic-abdominal (TA) ganglion of the hermit crab Pagurus pollicaris. 2. There is an electrical synapse between each GI and its ipsilateral GFMN. Evidence for this includes (a) dye (Lucifer Yellow CH) coupling between the two neurones, (b) a short synaptic (0.2 ms) delay between spikes in the two axons, (c) the ability to pass hyperpolarizing current between the two neurones and (d) the sensitivity of the connection to bath applications of N-ethylmaleimide. This synaptic connection is rectifying, since a GFMN spike does not provoke an action potential in the GI. 3. There is a connection between the GI and the contralateral GFMN. Data indicating that this synaptic connection is chemical includes (a) a synaptic delay of between 0.6 and 0.8 ms, (b) transmission i9 easily and irreversibly fatigued, (c) the synapse is insensitive to N-ethylmaleimide and (d) there is no dye coupling between the two neurones. 4. Branches of the GFMN come in close proximity with the GI on both sides of the TA ganglion. However, it is not known whether there is a direct connection or an intervening neurone between the GI and the contralateral GFMN.

scholarly journals Reliability of an interneuron response depends on an integrated sensory state

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
May Dobosiewicz ◽  
Cornelia I. Bargmann
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Electrical Synapse ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Chemosensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory State ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chemical Synapses ◽  
Stereotyped Response

ABSTRACTThe central nervous system transforms sensory information into representations that are salient to the animal. Here we define the logic of this transformation in a Caenorhabditis elegans integrating interneuron. AIA interneurons receive input from multiple chemosensory neurons that detect attractive odors. We show that reliable AIA responses require the coincidence of two sensory inputs: activation of AWA olfactory neurons that are activated by attractive odors, and inhibition of one or more chemosensory neurons that are inhibited by attractive odors. AWA activates AIA through an electrical synapse, while the disinhibitory pathway acts through glutamatergic chemical synapses. The resulting AIA interneuron responses have uniform magnitude and dynamics, suggesting that AIA activation is a stereotyped response to an integrated stimulus. Our results indicate that AIA interneurons combine sensory information using AND-gate logic, requiring coordinated activity from multiple chemosensory neurons. We propose that AIA encodes positive odor valence based on an integrated sensory state.

Emulation of Biphasic Plasticity in Retinal Electrical Synapse for Light-Adaptive Pattern Pre-Processing

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindong Wu ◽  
Zongwei Wang ◽  
Bowen Wang ◽  
Qingyu Chen ◽  
Lin Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Order ◽  
Electrical Synapse ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
Chemical Synapses ◽  
Adaptive Pattern

Electrical synapse provides rapid, bidirectional communication in nervous systems, accomplishing tasks distinct from and complementary to chemical synapses. Here, we demonstrate an artificial electrical synapse based on high-order conductance transition...

scholarly journals Reliability of an interneuron response depends on an integrated sensory state

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
May Dobosiewicz ◽  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Cornelia I Bargmann
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Electrical Synapse ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Electrophysiological Properties ◽  
Chemosensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory State ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Chemical Synapses ◽  
Stereotyped Response

The central nervous system transforms sensory information into representations that are salient to the animal. Here we define the logic of this transformation in a Caenorhabditis elegans integrating interneuron. AIA interneurons receive input from multiple chemosensory neurons that detect attractive odors. We show that reliable AIA responses require the coincidence of two sensory inputs: activation of AWA olfactory neurons that are activated by attractive odors, and inhibition of one or more chemosensory neurons that are inhibited by attractive odors. AWA activates AIA through an electrical synapse, while the disinhibitory pathway acts through glutamatergic chemical synapses. AIA interneurons have bistable electrophysiological properties consistent with their calcium dynamics, suggesting that AIA activation is a stereotyped response to an integrated stimulus. Our results indicate that AIA interneurons combine sensory information using AND-gate logic, requiring coordinated activity from multiple chemosensory neurons. We propose that AIA encodes positive valence based on an integrated sensory state.

scholarly journals Identified Aplysia neurons form specific chemical synapses in culture

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 2614-2620 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Camardo ◽  
E Proshansky ◽  
S Schacher
Keyword(s):  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Aplysia Neurons ◽  
Chemical Synapses
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