From early secondary to primary preventive interventions in schools

Abstract. Inflammational-immunological processes within the pathophysiology of schizophrenia seem to play an important role. Early signals of neurobiological changes in the embryonal phase of brain in later patients with schizophrenia might lead to activation of the immunological system, for example, of cytokines and microglial cells. Microglia then induces – via the neurotoxic activities of these cells as an overreaction – a rarification of synaptic connections in frontal and temporal brain regions, that is, reduction of the neuropil. Promising inflammational animal models for schizophrenia with high validity can be used today to mimic behavioral as well as neurobiological findings in patients, for example, the well-known neurochemical alterations of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, and other neurotransmitter systems. Also the microglial activation can be modeled well within one of this models, that is, the inflammational PolyI:C animal model of schizophrenia, showing a time peak in late adolescence/early adulthood. The exact mechanism, by which activated microglia cells then triggers further neurodegeneration, must now be investigated in broader detail. Thus, these animal models can be used to understand the pathophysiology of schizophrenia better especially concerning the interaction of immune activation, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. This could also lead to the development of anti-inflammational treatment options and of preventive interventions.

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Underlying Mechanisms in Differential Responsivity to Preventive Interventions Among Adolescents

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e535342007-001 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Diana H. Fishbein ◽

Christopher Hyde ◽

Diana Eldreth ◽

Mallie J. Paschall ◽

Robert Hubal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preventive Interventions ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

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Challenges and Opportunities in the Adaptation of Preventive Interventions

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e680002007-001 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Felipe G. Castro

Keyword(s):

Preventive Interventions ◽

Challenges And Opportunities

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Preventive Interventions for Schizophrenia: A Case Report

Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses ◽

10.3371/csrp.3.2.7 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 117-120

Author(s):

Muhammad Tahir

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Preventive Interventions

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Pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions to prevent hypersensitivity reactions of non-ionic iodinated contrast media: a systematic review protocol

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. e033023

Author(s):

Hiroyasu Umakoshi ◽

Takashi Nihashi ◽

Hironori Shimamoto ◽

Takehiro Yamada ◽

Hiroaki Ishiguchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Contrast Media ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Average Risk ◽

Cochrane Central Register ◽

Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽

Iodinated Contrast Media ◽

Preventive Interventions ◽

Validity Assessment ◽

Iodinated Contrast ◽

Standard Design

IntroductionIodinated contrast media are commonly used in medical imaging and can cause hypersensitivity reactions, including rare but severe life-threatening reactions. Although several prophylactic approaches have been proposed for severe reactions, their effects remain unclear. Therefore, we aim to review systematically the preventive effects of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions and predictors of acute, hypersensitivity reactions.Methods and analysisWe will search the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from 1 January 1990 through 31 December 2019 and will examine the bibliographies of eligible studies, pertinent review articles and clinical practice guidelines. We will include prospective and retrospective studies of any design that evaluated the effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological preventive interventions for adverse reactions of non-ionic iodinated contrast media. Two assessors will independently extract the characteristics of the study and intervention and the quantitative results. Two independent reviewers will assess the risk of bias using standard design-specific validity assessment tools. The primary outcome will be reduction in acute contrast media-induced hypersensitivity reactions. The secondary outcomes will include characteristics associated with the development of contrast media-induced acute hypersensitivity reactions, and adverse events associated with specific preventive interventions. Unique premedication regimens (eg, dose, drug and duration) and non-pharmacological strategies will be analysed separately. Average-risk and high-risk patients will be considered separately. A meta-analysis will be performed if appropriate.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not applicable, as this will be a secondary analysis of publicly available data. The results of the analysis will be submitted for publication in a peer reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019134003

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