Analogue and microprocessor control of an electrochemical waste-acid treatment process

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Chisholm ◽  
A. J. Morris ◽  
Y. Nazer ◽  
A. J. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Microprocessor Control ◽  
Waste Acid

Mechanical and thermal properties of PP/compatibilized PP/acid treated SWNTs nanocomposites: Effect of different acid treatment times

e-Polymers ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Ghorbanzadeh Ahangari ◽  
Abdolhosein Fereidoon ◽  
Seyfolah Saedodin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Maleated Polypropylene ◽  
Carboxylic Groups

AbstractIn the present work, the effect of different acid treatment times of singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on the mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene (PP)/maleated polypropylene (PP-g-MA) nanocomposites was investigated. The acid treatment process was based on a mixture of concentrated sulphuric and nitric acids. The SWNTs were treated with the acid mixture for 1, 3, and 6 h. FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and TEM revealed the values of carboxylic groups, graphitization and morphology of acid treated SWNTs, respectively. The thermal and mechanical properties and the morphology of nanocomposites were investigated by tensile tests, DMTA, DSC, and SEM.

Traitement acide pour la stabilisation des boues d'épuration

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Meunier ◽  
R. D. Tyagi ◽  
J. F. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Sludge Stabilization ◽  
Partial Digestion ◽  
Residual Sludge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mineralization Of Organic Matter ◽  
Rapid Hydrolysis

Chemical stabilization of sewage sludge is one of the most researched alternative to conventional biological digestion. The present research was therefore dedicated to studying a new acid treatment process for residual sludge from wastewater treatment, both industrial and municipal. This study demonstrated that sludge acidification (pH = 2.0–2.5) with sulphuric acid brings about a very rapid hydrolysis and mineralization of organic matter of the biomass that causes a significant reduction in sludge solids. This simple and efficient process of acidification for a partial digestion of different types of municipal (primary, secondary, and mixed) and industrial (pulp and paper) sludges could be integrated into the actual chain of treatment and stabilization of sewage sludges. Key words: sewage sludge, stabilization, digestion, acid treatment, sulphuric acid.

scholarly journals A new method for bulk palynological processing of oil-contaminated chalks

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingerlise Nørgaard ◽  
Anne-Marie Rasmussen ◽  
Poul Schiøler ◽  
Svend Stouge
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Hydrofluoric Acid ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Reaction Vessel ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

Abstract. INTRODUCTIONThe application of palynomorphs in well-site dating and correlation within the Upper Cretaceous—Danian Chalk Group of the North Sea, is currently being investigated at the Geological Survey of Denmark. Due to the relatively low abundance of palynomorphs in the chalks, a large sample size (100–300g) is often needed to obtain representative microfloras. Palynological preparation of large chalk samples does, however, create processing problems, especially if the samples derive from oil bearing intervals. The aim of this note is to describe a method developed at the Geological Survey of Denmark to overcome these processing problems.PROBLEMS IN THE PREPARATION OF LARGE CHALK SAMPLES.The problems during the preparation process comprise the following factors: The dissolution of carbonates from 100—300g sized chalk samples with hydrochloric acid causes a vigorous reaction that developes vast amounts of foam. The foam development is usually controlled by spraying alcohol or the more hazardous acetone into the reaction vessel; these solvents reduce the vigorous expansion of the foam by reducing the surface tension of the acid. This procedure, however, demands constant surveillance of the acid treatment, because the effect of the solvents is of short duration. Furthermore, the initial vigorous reaction restricts the use of stronger, more effective hydrofluoric acid concentrations to later parts of the acid treatment process, where the reaction is more calm. In the Danish sector of the North Sea, the main producing reservoir is situated in the Chalk Group. Core samples from the Chalk Group are therefore usually usually oil bearing . . .

Fluxless Bonding Using Vacuum Ultraviolet and Formic Acid for 3D Interconnects

2010 ◽  
Vol 1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuyuki Sakuma ◽  
Naoko Unami ◽  
shuichi Shoji ◽  
Jun Mizuno
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽  
Photoelectron Spectra ◽  
Acid Vapor ◽  
Average Shear Strength

AbstractWe have developed a novel surface treatment process using vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light with a wavelength of 172 nm and formic acid vapor. A previous study showed that the VUV process can help remove the organic contaminants on the bonding surfaces and improve the shear strength. This new work focuses on studying the effects of VUV/O3 and formic acid treatments. The formic acid (HCOOH) vapor removes the metal oxides from the surfaces before the bonding process. Evaporated Cu/Sn and immersion Au were used for the bonding micro-bumps and bonding pads in our evaluations. Different cleaning conditions with VUV/O3, formic acid vapor, or both were compared and evaluated. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the surface elemental composition of the micro-bumps and pad surfaces before and after the cleaning process. The photoelectron spectra of C1s, Sn3d, and Au4f were obtained with XPS. The XPS results showed the atomic carbon concentrations were significantly decreased by the VUV/O3 treatment process, while the Sn and Au concentrations were increased by the VUV/O3 and formic acid treatment because of the removal of the organic contaminants and metal oxides from the surfaces. The bonding strength of the Cu/Sn bumps was evaluated using a shear test tool. The results shows that the combination of VUV/O3 and formic acid treatment obtains the highest average shear strength among the treatments tested, with a shear strength almost 2.5 times stronger than the untreated samples.

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