“Calcium receptors” on eukaryotic cells with special reference to the osteoclast

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mone Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Extracellular Calcium ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
Intracellular Signals ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Recent Addition ◽  
Intracellular Signal ◽  
Calcium Receptors

There is a growing list of cells that are capable of detecting and responding to changes in the concentration of extracellular calcium. The two classic examples of this behaviour are the calcitonin-secreting parafollicular cells of the thyroid and parathyroid hormone-secreting chief cells of the parathyroid gland. A more recent addition to this list is the renin-secreting juxtaglomerular cell of the kidney. Particularly intriguing has been independently the discovery by two laboratories, that the resorptive cell of bone, the osteoclast, is capable of detecting changes in ambient calcium. A common theme amongst all these so called “calcium-responsive” cells is that extracellular calcium increases elevate intracellular calcium levels, and this intracellular signal is either stimulatory or inhibitory to the functional response. But how these cells detect changes in the concentration of extracellular calcium, and how these recognition events are subsequently transformed into intracellular signals that regulate cell function are somewhat less clear. The commentary reveals some recent developments that seemingly provide insights into these mechanisms, with special reference to the osteoclast.

Two Sides of the Same Coin: Wnt Signaling in Neurodegeneration and Neuro-Oncology

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 309-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Caricasole ◽  
A. Bakker ◽  
A. Copani ◽  
F. Nicoletti ◽  
G. Gaviraghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathways ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Intracellular Signal ◽  
Canonical Wnt ◽  
Two Sides

Wnts function through the activation of at least three intracellular signal transduction pathways, of which the canonical β-catenin mediated pathway is the best understood. Aberrant canonical Wnt signaling has been involved in both neurodegeneration and cancer. An impairment of Wnt signals appears to be associated with aspects of neurodegenerative pathologies while overactivation of Wnt signaling is a common theme in several types of human tumors. Therefore, although therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating Wnt signaling in neurodegenerative and hyperproliferative diseases might impinge on the same molecular mechanisms, different pharmacological outcomes are required. Here we review recent developments on the understanding of the role of Wnt signaling in Alzheimer's disease and CNS tumors, and identify possible avenues for therapeutic intervention within a complex and multi-faceted signaling pathway.

Recent Developments and Chemical Diversity of Cone Snails with Special Reference to Indian Cone Snails

2018 ◽  
pp. 445-484
Author(s):  
Satheesh Kumar Palanisamy ◽  
Senthil Kumar Dhanabalan ◽  
Umamaheswari Sundaresan
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cone Snails

Severe combined immunodeficiency: recent developments and guidance on clinical management

2015 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizzy Rivers ◽  
H Bobby Gaspar
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency ◽  
Recurrent Infection ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Combined Immunodeficiency ◽  
General Paediatrician ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
First Year Of Life

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare but important condition. Affected infants are born with profound abnormalities of immune cell function that lead to severe and recurrent infection that are almost always fatal in the first year of life without treatment. Infants with SCID are often initially seen by general paediatricians in the hospital care setting, and the recognition of the cardinal features of the disease and alertness to specific laboratory parameters are important in making an early diagnosis. There is also increasing interest in newborn screening for SCID, which has the potential to significantly improve outcome through early diagnosis and implementation of prophylactic medications. Definitive treatments such as haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy have also made major advances over the last decade and again promise to improve the overall outcome for SCID with reduced long-term toxicities. In this review, we highlight some of the major advances in diagnosis and management of the disease, but we also want to emphasise the important role of the general paediatrician in making an early diagnosis and in ongoing management.

References to Islam and Women in the Afghan Constitution

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hashim Kamali
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Women's Rights ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Royal Household

AbstractThis paper is presented in three parts and several sections. The first part consists of a stocktaking of recent developments and dynamics that have engaged President Hamid Karzai's government ever since he came to power in December 2001. A mixed picture is presented which draws attention to many problems that have impeded reconstruction efforts in the country. Some positive developments have also occurred including, for example, the introduction of a new constitution, presidential and parliamentary elections, as well as resumption of schooling for children that by mid-2006 had numbered four million throughout the country. An overview of the previous constitutions and a brief historical perspective attempt to show how leadership flaws and internal differences in the royal household plunged Afghanistan into a succession of coups, foreign invasions, and catastrophic consequences for its people. Are there any lessons to be learnt? The second part of this essay focuses on a review and analysis of the 2004 constitution with special reference to Islam, and the last part takes a similar approach to women's rights.

scholarly journals Pexophagy: The Selective Degradation of Peroxisomes

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Till ◽  
Ronak Lakhani ◽  
Sarah F. Burnett ◽  
Suresh Subramani
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Organelle Biogenesis ◽  
Selective Degradation ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Distinct Features

Peroxisomes are single-membrane-bounded organelles present in the majority of eukaryotic cells. Despite the existence of great diversity among different species, cell types, and under different environmental conditions, peroxisomes contain enzymes involved inβ-oxidation of fatty acids and the generation, as well as detoxification, of hydrogen peroxide. The exigency of all eukaryotic cells to quickly adapt to different environmental factors requires the ability to precisely and efficiently control peroxisome number and functionality. Peroxisome homeostasis is achieved by the counterbalance between organelle biogenesis and degradation. The selective degradation of superfluous or damaged peroxisomes is facilitated by several tightly regulated pathways. The most prominent peroxisome degradation system uses components of the general autophagy core machinery and is therefore referred to as “pexophagy.” In this paper we focus on recent developments in pexophagy and provide an overview of current knowledge and future challenges in the field. We compare different modes of pexophagy and mention shared and distinct features of pexophagy in yeast model systems, mammalian cells, and other organisms.

Redox-based regulation of neural stem cell function and Nrf2

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalitha Madhavan
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Somatic Mutations ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
Tissue Microenvironment ◽  
Neural Tissues ◽  
Intracellular Redox Status

Neural stem cells (NSCs) play vital roles in the development and maintenance of brain tissues throughout life. They can also potentially act as powerful sources of regeneration and repair during pathology to replace degenerating cells and counteract deleterious changes in the tissue microenvironment. However, both aging and neurodegeneration involve an up-regulation of processes, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, somatic mutations, and reduction in growth factors in neural tissues, which threaten the robust functioning of NSCs. Nevertheless, recent evidence also indicates that NSCs may possess the intrinsic capability to cope with such stressors in their microenvironment. Whereas the mechanisms governing the responses of NSCs to stress are diverse, a common theme that is emerging suggests that underlying changes in intracellular redox status are crucial. Here we discuss such redox-based regulation of NSCs, particularly in relation to nuclear erythroid factor 2-like 2 (Nrf2), which is a key cellular stress resistance factor, and its implications for successfully harnessing NSC therapeutic potential towards developing cell-based therapeutics for nervous system disorders.

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