Patronage and the directions of research in economics: The Rockefeller foundation in Europe, 1924?1938

Minerva ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 205-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earlene Craver
Keyword(s):  
Rockefeller Foundation

Ask the Experts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sy Uy
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Scientific Models ◽  
National Endowment ◽  
Leonard Bernstein ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Personal Connections

From the end of World War II through the U.S. Bicentennial, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Ford Foundation granted close to $300 million (approximately $2.3 billion in 2017 dollars) in the field of music alone. In deciding what to fund, these three grantmaking institutions decided to “ask the experts,” adopting seemingly objective, scientific models of peer review and specialist evaluation. They recruited music composers at elite institutions, professors from prestigious universities, and leaders of performing arts organizations. Among the most influential expert-consultants were Leonard Bernstein, Aaron Copland, Lukas Foss, and Milton Babbitt. The significance was twofold: not only were male, Western art composers put in charge of directing large and unprecedented channels of public and private funds, but also, in doing so, they determined and defined what was meant by artistic excellence. They decided the fate of their peers and shaped the direction of music making in this country. By asking the experts, the grantmaking institutions produced a concentrated and interconnected field of artists and musicians. Officers and directors utilized ostensibly objective financial tools like matching grants and endowments in an attempt to diversify and stabilize applicants’ sources of funding, as well as the number of applicants they funded. Such economics-based strategies, however, relied more on personal connections among the wealthy and elite, rather than local community citizens. Ultimately, this history demonstrates how “expertise” served as an exclusionary form of cultural and social capital that prevented racial minorities and nondominant groups from fully participating.

scholarly journals Yellow Fever’s Historical Lessons for COVID-19: International Interventions and Disease Control in Early Twentieth-century Ecuador and Guatemala

2021 ◽  
pp. 0169796X2199848
Author(s):  
David Carey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Scientific Medicine ◽  
Disease Etiology ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

Throughout tropical urban Latin America, yellow fever wreaked havoc. Located at sea level, Guayaquil (Ecuador) and Puerto Barrios (Guatemala) were particularly susceptible to yellow fever; yet, Ecuadorians and Guatemalans enjoyed significant success in early twentieth-century campaigns against yellow fever. Reflecting international efforts that informed, collaborated with, and at times underwrote Latin American public health campaigns, the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) sent representatives to Guatemala and Ecuador in the mid-1910s to eradicate yellow fever. While those interventions enjoyed immediate success, the long-term effects were more ambiguous. By collaborating with RF, Ecuador had all but eradicated yellow fever by 1919. In Guatemala, however, a few months after RF declared Guatemala free of yellow fever, influenza struck, likely originating from US military camps in Guatemala that RF sought to shield from yellow fever.  Analysis of early twentieth-century yellow fever epidemics and campaigns to arrest them sheds light on COVID-19 pandemic challenges. Even as knowledge of disease etiology was evolving in Ecuador and Guatemala, most leaders accepted or at least did not publicly reject scientific medicine. In contrast, beginning with the most powerful politicians and filtering down throughout federal, state, and municipal authorities, many US leaders rejected science crucial to the campaigns against COVID-19. Similarly, in a pattern that resonates with US residents rejecting precautionary measures against COVID-19 such as wearing masks and maintaining social distance, compliance with anti-yellow fever campaigns was not always forthcoming.

scholarly journals Relation between the Nature of the Carbohydrate in the Diet and Refection in Rats

1928 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanisłw Kazimierz Kon ◽  
Elsie Watchorn
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
International Health ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Health Board ◽  
Arrowroot Starch

1. The phenomenon of refection has been confirmed.2. The incidence of spontaneous growth of rats on a vitamin B-free diet is very much greater when potato starch instead of rice starch is used in the diet.3. Raw arrowroot starch gave similar but not such good results.4. The protective action is largely destroyed by gentle cooking of the starch, and less so by extraction with alcohol.We wish to thank Prof. Sir F. G. Hopkins for his encouragement and interest during this work.One of us (S. K. K.) is indebted to the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation for a fellowship, and the other (E. W.) is indebted to the Medical Research Council for a personal grant.

scholarly journals The Rockefeller Foundation

Nature ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 188 (4747) ◽  
pp. 283-284
Keyword(s):  
Rockefeller Foundation
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