Arterial-venous blood alcohol concentration gradients

1981 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul K. Wilkinson ◽  
Jay L. Rheingold
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Concentration Gradients

Alcohol, Traffic, and Chemical Testing in the United States: A Résumé and Some Remaining Problems

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
M F Mason ◽  
K M Dubowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Breath Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Traffic Law Enforcement ◽  
Chemical Testing

Abstract We give a résumé of "chemical testing" for alcohol in the United States in connection with traffic-law enforcement. Recent procedural and instrumental developments are briefly reviewed. Various factors involved in discrepancies between the results of analyses of near-simultaneous venous blood and breath specimens from the same subject are examined. Because the causes of these discrepancies cannot adequately be controlled in law-enforcement practice, we suggest that calculation of a blood-alcohol concentration based on the result of a breath analysis be abandoned. We recommend that when breath analysis is performed for law-enforcement purposes, the interpretation of the result should be statutorily based on the amount of alcohol found per unit volume of alveolar ("deep-lung") air. Serum or plasma of capillary blood is recommended as the sample when blood is to be analyzed.

ALCOHOL LEVELS IN BODY FLUIDS AFTER INGESTION OF DISTILLED SPIRITS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Coldwell ◽  
H. Ward Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Distilled Spirits ◽  
The Relationship

Known volumes of 70-proof distilled spirits were fed to 68 volunteers, making a total of 141 separate doses. The amount of alcohol appearing in the venous blood, saliva, and urine at various time intervals after ingestion was determined by a modified Widmark method, and in the breath by the Breathalyzer. The relationship between time after ingestion, venous blood alcohol concentration (VBA), and Breathalyzer reading (BR) was as follows:(1) between 0.5 and 2.5 hours after ingestion, VBA = (BR + 0.048) ± 0.124 mg/ml;(2) between 30 to 40 minutes after ingestion, VBA = (BR − 0.071) ± 0.065 mg/ml;(3) between 2 to 2.5 hours after ingestion, VBA = (BR + 0.102) ± 0.117 mg/ml. The weighted average ratios of saliva and urine alcohols to venous blood alcohol were 1.12:1 and 1.24:1, respectively. The standard error of estimating the venous blood alcohol indirectly from the saliva alcohol was ±0.075 mg/ml, and from urine alcohol ±0.081 mg/ml when the samples were obtained from 0.5 to 2.5 and from 0.75 to 2.5 hours after drinking, respectively. Over the range of concentrations studied alcohol disappeared from the venous blood at the rate of 0.13 ±0.05 mg/ml/hr and the quantity eliminated from the whole body, per 100 lb of body weight per hour, approximated 0.4 fl. oz of 70-proof distilled spirits.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Ethanol Concentration in Costal Cartilage in Relation to Blood and Urine

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1637
Author(s):  
Marcin Tomsia ◽  
Joanna Nowicka ◽  
Rafał Skowronek ◽  
Magdalena Woś ◽  
Joanna Wójcik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Costal Cartilage ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Polish Law

Blood is not always available in forensic autopsies, therefore, the search for alternative sampling materials is needed. This study aimed at examining if ethanol can be detected in costal cartilage and to investigate if different forms of costal cartilage can give accurate information about ethanol concentration in the blood or urine of human cadavers (n = 50). Ethanol concentration in samples of unground costal cartilage (UCC), ground costal cartilage (GCC), femoral venous blood, and urine was analyzed using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Due to Polish law, we used two different cut-off points: the blood alcohol concentration >0.2 mg/mL defined as the ‘after use’ condition, and the blood alcohol concentration >0.5 mg/mL defined as the ‘state of insobriety’. Based on the constructed receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves, the optimal cut-off point for ethanol content as the ‘after use’ condition was 0.273 mg/g for the UCC method and 0.069 mg/g for the GCC method. Analysis of the Areas under a ROC Curve (AUC) showed that both methods present excellent diagnostic accuracy (AUCUCC = 0.903; AUCGCC = 0.984). We demonstrated that it is possible to detect ethanol in the costal cartilage and showed that ethanol concentrations are determined in GCC samples with greater accuracy.

ALCOHOL LEVELS IN BODY FLUIDS AFTER INGESTION OF DISTILLED SPIRITS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Coldwell ◽  
H. Ward Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Distilled Spirits ◽  
The Relationship

Known volumes of 70-proof distilled spirits were fed to 68 volunteers, making a total of 141 separate doses. The amount of alcohol appearing in the venous blood, saliva, and urine at various time intervals after ingestion was determined by a modified Widmark method, and in the breath by the Breathalyzer. The relationship between time after ingestion, venous blood alcohol concentration (VBA), and Breathalyzer reading (BR) was as follows:(1) between 0.5 and 2.5 hours after ingestion, VBA = (BR + 0.048) ± 0.124 mg/ml;(2) between 30 to 40 minutes after ingestion, VBA = (BR − 0.071) ± 0.065 mg/ml;(3) between 2 to 2.5 hours after ingestion, VBA = (BR + 0.102) ± 0.117 mg/ml. The weighted average ratios of saliva and urine alcohols to venous blood alcohol were 1.12:1 and 1.24:1, respectively. The standard error of estimating the venous blood alcohol indirectly from the saliva alcohol was ±0.075 mg/ml, and from urine alcohol ±0.081 mg/ml when the samples were obtained from 0.5 to 2.5 and from 0.75 to 2.5 hours after drinking, respectively. Over the range of concentrations studied alcohol disappeared from the venous blood at the rate of 0.13 ±0.05 mg/ml/hr and the quantity eliminated from the whole body, per 100 lb of body weight per hour, approximated 0.4 fl. oz of 70-proof distilled spirits.

Accuracy and precision of breath alcohol measurements for subjects in the absorptive state.

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Breath Alcohol ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Breath Alcohol Concentration

Abstract Published data are analyzed in order to estimate the accuracy of breath-alcohol measurements for subjects during absorption of orally ingested ethanol. Simultaneous measurements of breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) and venous blood alcohol concentration (VBAC) show that actual VBAC can be overestimated by more than 100% for a significant amount of time after drinking stops. The maximum error found for four individual subjects is +230%, +190%, +60%, and +30%. The magnitude of these errors indicates that results from quantitative evidential breath alcohol analyzers are far less accurate for the absorptive state than they are during the postabsorptive state, but the specifications for accuracy and precision given by manufacturers of these instruments do not reflect this. The results also indicate that there is a significant likelihood that subjects will be in the absorptive state when tested under field conditions. I conclude that estimates of BAC based on BrAC measurements are not reliable in the absorptive state and that the uncertainty associated with such estimates should be accounted for, particularly when the results are used in connection with law enforcement.

The Importance of Alcohol Testing by Gas Chromatography vs the Cordebard Classical Method Modified in the Medico Legal Investigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2407-2410
Author(s):  
Dan Perju Dumbrava ◽  
Carmen Corina Radu ◽  
Sofia David ◽  
Tatiana Iov ◽  
Catalin Jan Iov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Classical Method ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Technical Details ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method ◽  
Alcohol Testing ◽  
Living Person

Considering the growing number of requests from the criminal investigations authorities addressed to the institutions of legal medicine, testing of blood alcohol concentration both in the living person and in the corpse, we believe that a presentation of the two methods which are used in our country, is a topic of interest at present. The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with the technical details on how blodd alcohol concentration is realised by means of the gas chromatographic method and the classical one, (Cordebard modified by D. Banciu and I. Droc) respectively. Another purpose of this article is to also show, in a comparative way, the elements that make the gas chromatographic method superior to the former one.

A Driving Simulator Study of the Performance Effects of Low Blood Alcohol Concentration

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (18) ◽  
pp. 943-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wade Allen ◽  
Zareh Parseghian ◽  
Anthony C. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Divided Attention ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Simulator Study ◽  
And Performance

There is a large body of research that documents the impairing effect of alcohol on driving behavior and performance. Some of the most significant alcohol influence seems to occur in divided attention situations when the driver must simultaneously attend to several aspects of the driving task. This paper describes a driving simulator study of the effect of a low alcohol dose, .055 BAC (blood alcohol concentration %/wt), on divided attention performance. The simulation was mechanized on a PC and presented visual and auditory feedback in a truck cab surround. Subjects were required to control speed and steering on a rural two lane road while attending to a peripheral secondary task. The subject population was composed of 33 heavy equipment operators who were tested during both placebo and drinking sessions. Multivariate Analysis of Variance showed a significant and practical alcohol effect on a range of variables in the divided attention driving task.

4. Are a Blood Alcohol Concentration of 256mg/dl and Minimal Signs of Impairment Reliable Indications of Alcohol Dependence?

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
A W Jones
Keyword(s):  
Expert Witness ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Drunk Driving ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Driving Under The Influence ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Lower Court ◽  
Dna Profile ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
Driving Scenario

This article describes a drink-driving scenario where a woman was apprehended for driving under the influence (DUI) with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 256mg/dl1 The correctness of this result was vigorously challenged by a medical expert witness for the defence, who was actually a specialist in alcohol diseases. Despite reanalysis to confirm the BAC as well as a DNA profile to prove the identity of the blood specimen, the woman was acquitted of the charge of drunk driving by the lower court. However, she was subsequently found guilty in the High Court of Appeals with a unanimous decision and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment. This case report illustrates some of the problems surrounding the use of expert medical evidence by the defence to challenge the validity of the prosecution evidence based solely on a suspect's BAC. In situations such as these, an expert witness should be called by the prosecution to clarify and, if necessary, rebut medical and/or scientific opinions that might mislead the court and influence the outcome of the trial.

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