The utilization of by-products and waste products in the production of commercial fertilizers

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Waste Products ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Current Status and Future of Nitrile Catalysis using Key Nitrilases Enzymes and their Biotechnological Impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Ashish Bhatt ◽  
Darshankumar Prajapati ◽  
Akshaya Gupte
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Fine Chemicals ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Agricultural Industries ◽  
Widespread Interest ◽  
By Products ◽  
Classification Structure

Nitriles are organic compounds consisting of −C≡N group. They are frequently known to occur in nature and as intermediate by-products and waste products of various chemical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries. They are also found in fruit pits, cabbage, cauliflower, and sprouts, which are released upon hydrolysis. Nitrile converting enzymes like nitrilases have been extracted from microorganisms and plants. Nitrilase-mediated biocatalysis reactions have continuously aroused widespread interest to scientists and entrepreneurs in organic synthesis. Nitrile converting biocatalysts (Nitrilases) are now of substantial industrial interest from the perspective of treating toxic nitrile and cyanide-containing compounds. Nitrile degrading enzymes generally consist of nitrilases and amidases. The aim of the current review is to summarize the recent advancements on regioselective nitrilases concerning their fundamental researches and their application in the synthesis of series of high-value fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The present review also focuses on the utility of nitrile converting enzyme, sources, properties, classification, structure, and applications as well.

Dairy Waste Treatment and Utilization

2020 ◽  
pp. 160-182
Author(s):  
Anum Ishaq ◽  
Ubaid ur Rahman ◽  
Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad ◽  
Amna Sahar ◽  
Qamar Abbas Syed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Aquatic Resources ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Dairy Waste ◽  
By Products

The dairy industry produces waste materials and by-products including soluble and suspended organic substances, wastewater, suspended solids, and whey. These substances contain significant amounts of organic and inorganic toxins that can cause serious health threats if not treated properly. Additionally, toxins produced by dairy waste would negatively affect the environment as well as quality and availability of aquatic resources. However, these waste materials and by-products can be utilized in different ways after proper treatment and processing. This chapter will provide an overview of waste products of dairy industries and highlight different treatments and utilization of these by-products in other industries.

scholarly journals Ranking of By-products for Single Cell Oil Production. Case of Latvia

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-271
Author(s):  
Elīna Račko ◽  
Dagnija Blumberga ◽  
Krišs Spalviņš ◽  
Eglė Marčiulaitienė
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Single Cell Oil ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Availability Analysis ◽  
Agroindustrial Waste ◽  
By Products

AbstractSingle cell oil is considered as a promising alternative to fish and vegetable oils. Due to the ability of oleaginous microorganisms to produce significant amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), single cell oil can be used for human and animal consumption. In this context, marine microorganisms of the class Labyrinthulomycetes are particularly highlighted in scientific literature. In order to clarify the possibilities for the use of microorganisms of the class Labyrinthulomycetes in large-scale single cell oil production, the first step is to gain awareness of the cultivation conditions required for these microorganisms. In addition, to reduce the cost of single cell oil production, it is necessary to identify potential agroindustrial waste products that are suitable for microbiological cultivation of Labyrinthulomycetes. This article examines the potential biotechnological applications of Labyrinthulomycetes in single cell oil production, the cultivation conditions, nutritional requirements, inhibitors and suitable waste products. In addition, an agroindustrial by-product availability analysis has been carried out. The article evaluates agroindustrial by-products based on their availability in Latvia, required pre-treatment, price, shelf life and efficiency.

scholarly journals Economic analysis of dairy and fish farming based integrated model in Punjab

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (SE) ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
Navjot Singh ◽  
Varinder Pal Singh ◽  
Inderpreet Kaur ◽  
Ravi Kant Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Fish Farming ◽  
Integrated Model ◽  
Integrated Models ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Crop Farming ◽  
The Cost ◽  
By Products

The present study has been carried out in South-Western and Central agro climatic regions of Punjab state for studying the cost-returns and marketing pattern of dairy and fish farming based integrated model. It was observed from the study that the net returns from crop farming was ` Rs.65,852 per farm per year, whereas the net returns on per acre basis were found to be ` Rs.32,328 per acre per year.  Further, the net returns from dairy farming were found to be ` Rs. 4,928 per farm per year and `  Rs.8,822 per acre per year. From fish farming, net returns were observed to be ` Rs. 2, 47, 396 per farm per annum and ` Rs.84,725 per acre per year. Total profitability of the crop-dairy-fish farming integrated model was observed to be `Rs. 4,58,176 per farm per annum, and net returns per acre from this model were  ` Rs. 53,030 per year. Hence, it may be inferred that dairy and fish farming are more profitable as compared to crops and when adopted in an integrated manner along with crops, can enhance the overall profitability of the farm by efficient utilisation of farm waste products and by-products. At the same time, there is need of creating awareness among the farmers regarding the importance of dairy and fish farming based integrated models, so that they can adopt these types of models for enhancing their income levels.

scholarly journals Single Cell Oil Production from Waste Biomass: Review of Applicable Industrial By-Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-337
Author(s):  
Kriss Spalvins ◽  
Ilze Vamza ◽  
Dagnija Blumberga
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Single Cell Oil ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
By Products

Abstract Single cell oil (SCO) is an attractive alternative source of oil, which, depending on the fatty acid composition, can be used as a feedstock for biodiesel production, as an ingredient for pharmaceuticals or as a source of essential fatty acids for human and animal consumption. However, the use of SCO is limited due to use of relatively expensive food or feed products in the cultivation of SCO producing microorganisms. In order to reduce SCO production costs, the use of cheaper feedstock such as biodegradable agro-industrial wastes are necessary. At the same time, the microbial treatment of biodegradable wastes ensures the neutralization of environmentally harmful compounds and reduces the negative impact on the environment. Oleaginous microorganisms are capable of fermenting a variety of industrial by-products, waste products and wastewaters, however further discussion on properties of the waste materials is necessary to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate waste materials for SCO production. Thus, this review compares various industrial waste products that can be used as cheap feedstock for the cultivation of SCO producing microorganisms. Industrial waste products, by-products and wastewaters are compared according to their global availability, current use in competing industries, required pre-fermentation treatments, oleaginous microorganism cell concentrations and SCO yields.

Production of L-Asparaginase from Aspergillus Niger using Agro Wastes By-Products in Submerged Fermentation Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Anjum Zia Anjum Zia ◽  
Rabia Bashir ◽  
Ishtiaq Ahmed ◽  
Tehreema Iftikhar
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Submerged Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Organic Salts ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
By Products

The project was carried out to obtain maximum yield of L-asparaginase from Aspergillus niger using by-products of agro wastes incorporated with organic salts in submerged fermentation process. The main objective of the project was to study the kinetic parameters of L-asparaginase productivity. After optimization maximum enzyme activity (2.83U/mL±0.065) was achieved using corn steep liquor as a substrate and with 4% inoculum, pH 6.5, 1% substrate concentration, 96 hrs fermentation time period and 1% glucose was used as additional supplement to the growth media to obtain better yield of L-asparaginase. This study showed that glucose concentration beyond 1% suppressed the enzymatic activity. From the results it can be concluded that L-Asparaginase production was optimized when cheap agro-waste products were used as a substrate at low concentrations and under acidic conditions. Its relative stability in acidic pH conditions make it ideal for applications in health care systems and pharmaceutical industry.

Power Stations as Chemical Plants — Could Power Become the Byproduct?

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-69
Author(s):  
P. Mahi
Keyword(s):  
Coal Gasification ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Plants ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Feed Material ◽  
Electricity Supply Industry ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Supply Industry ◽  
Coal Ashes ◽  
By Products

The need of power stations to act as integrated chemical plants is a new departure for the electricity supply industry. The need to control pollutants from power generation plants while at the same time utilising waste products to generate income from the sale of valuable by products is a potential prospect. The technology already exists at commercial scale to treat high sulphur fuels in conventional power stations or coal gasification plants to produce elemental sulphur, sulphuric acid or gypsum as saleable products. Future prospects may involve the utilisation of carbon dioxide either as received gas or its conversion to useful compounds. The coal ashes also provide a potential feed material to recover aluminium oxide and supply the existing smelters with an indigenous raw material. In this paper, an attempt is made to examine the potential of power stations to become chemical plants; to identify both the nature and quantities of the chemicals which could be produced and to assess whether the chemical industry is able to absorb these products and provide a firm market base.

scholarly journals Achieving brain clearance and preventing neurodegenerative diseases—A glymphatic perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 0271678X2098238
Author(s):  
Tekla Maria Kylkilahti ◽  
Eline Berends ◽  
Marta Ramos ◽  
Nagesh C Shanbhag ◽  
Johannes Töger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Glymphatic System ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle ◽  
The Brain ◽  
By Products

Age-related neurodegenerative diseases are a growing burden to society, and many are sporadic, meaning that the environment, diet and lifestyle play significant roles. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-mediated clearing of brain waste products via perivascular pathways, named the glymphatic system, is receiving increasing interest, as it offers unexplored perspectives on understanding neurodegenerative diseases. The glymphatic system is involved in clearance of metabolic by-products such as amyloid-β from the brain, and its function is believed to lower the risk of developing some of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we present magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data on the heart cycle’s control of CSF flow in humans which corroborates findings from animal studies. We also review the importance of sleep, diet, vascular health for glymphatic clearance and find that these factors are also known players in brain longevity.

scholarly journals GREEN SYNTHESIS, GREEN CHEMISTRY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asif
Keyword(s):  
Green Chemistry ◽  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
By Products

Purpose: The chemistry society has activated to expand new chemistry that is less destructive to the environment and human health. This approach has extensive interest and designated as green chemistry, environmentally friendly chemistry, clean chemistry, and atom economy. Methodology: There is advancement toward involved chemistry with the facts and do not prevent the properties of the target compound or the efficacy of particular solvents or reagents. The use of chemistry in a way that maximizes benefits while reducing adverse effects has come to be green chemistry. Main findings: Reduce the use and formation of harmful products or by-products. Presently maximum pollution to the environment is caused by some chemical industries. So, need to design and develop synthetic methods in such a way that the waste products are lowest and have no effect on the environment and their handy disposal. Applications of the work: Green chemistry plays a vital role in pharmaceuticals for developing new drugs which are less toxic, more effective with low side effects. The novelty of the work: The industries performing manufacturing using green synthesis methods to carrying out their productions have positive impacts on environmental sustainability. This review is looking ahead at longer-term challenges and prospects in research, industrial applications, and education.

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