Regeneration of pedal ganglion neurons in the sea butterfly Clione limacina

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-322
Author(s):  
Yu. I. Arshavskii ◽  
I. M. Gel'fand ◽  
G. N. Orlovskii ◽  
G. A. Pavlova ◽  
Yu. V. Panchin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pedal Ganglion ◽  
Clione Limacina ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

Identification and characterization of cerebral ganglion neurons that induce swimming and modulate swim-related pedal ganglion neurons in Aplysia brasiliana

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1444-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Gamkrelidze ◽  
P. J. Laurienti ◽  
J. E. Blankenship
Keyword(s):  
Central Pattern Generator ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Cerebral Ganglion ◽  
Motor Program ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Pedal Ganglion ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

1. We have identified and characterized a family of several pairs of neurons in the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia brasiliana that are capable of inducing, maintaining, or modulating a motor program that underlies swim locomotion in this marine mollusk. We have operationally defined these cells as command neurons (CNs) for swimming. 2. The command cells occur in bilateral pairs in the cerebral ganglion and make direct and indirect outputs to neurons in the pedal ganglia, including motor neurons, a central pattern generator circuit, and modulatory neurons that enhance muscle contractions during swimming. Several of the CNs are sufficient individually to induce the swim motor program (SMP), all receive sensory feedback from the periphery, and several interconnect with other swim-related CNs. 3. Tonic discharges of approximately 10 Hz in CN types 1-3 (CN1-CN3) are capable of eliciting the oscillatory, phasic SMP as recorded in peripheral nerves that innervate the swim appendages, the parapodia. CN1, CN2, and CN3 make monosynaptic excitatory connections onto ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral pedal swim-modulatory neurons [parapodial opener-phase (POP) cells], respectively; and each command cell type activates the pedal central pattern generator (CPG), leading to sustained phasic output of motor neurons and POP cells. 4. Tonic firing of CN4 causes weak activation of the SMP contralaterally. These neurons occur as two pairs of neurons in each cerebral hemiganglion, with mutual electrical and chemical synaptic interconnections. CN4 cells also excite CN1 and CN2 cells. Thus CN4 is classified as a higher-order swim command cell type. 5. Command cells classified as types 5-8 (CN5-CN8), although not capable of inducing the SMP individually, nonetheless have strong synaptic connections with pedal POP cells and/or with other command neurons. These command cells may excite or inhibit follower cells on the same or opposite sides of the preparation and modulate the swim output. 6. All the command cells tested received strong input from mechanical stimulation, either stretch or pinching, of either parapodium. Mechanosensory input from the parapodia was shown to depend on the presence of the pedal ganglion, but not the pleural. Sensory stimulation activated command cells and motor neurons, but POP cells received input from sensory stimuli only through the cerebral ganglion, probably via command cells. The effects of applied mechanosensory stimuli could be entirely mimicked by motor neuron-induced contractions of the parapodia.

scholarly journals Serotonergic modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. I. Serotonin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and wings.

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (4) ◽  
pp. 895-904
Author(s):  
R A Satterlie ◽  
T P Norekian ◽  
S Jordan ◽  
C J Kazilek
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Margin ◽  
Double Labelling ◽  
Pedal Ganglion ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Large Pair ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Clione Limacina ◽  
Serotonin Immunoreactivity ◽  
Serotonergic Modulation

Serotonin-immunoreactive somata in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina were restricted to the cerebral and pedal ganglia. 10-14 pairs of cells were consistently found in the cerebral ganglia, including one large pair that had soma positions and axon branching patterns reminiscent of those of the metacerebral cells of other molluscs. Two clusters of somata were found on the midline near the cerebral commissure, one on the anterior-lateral margin and one posterior-laterally. A distinct paired cluster of up to nine somata was found on the dorso-lateral margin of the pedal ganglia, near the emergence of the pedal commissure. Up to five of these cells innervated the ipsilateral wing via the wing nerve. Dye-fills of these cells showed that they branch repeatedly in the ipsilateral wing and innervate the swim musculature. Double-labelling experiments indicated that the filled neurons were also serotonin-immunoreactive. Neurobiotin fills that were processed for electron microscopy revealed two types of terminals associated with the swim musculature: direct contacts and reactive terminals adjacent to non-labelled presynaptic terminals. Additional immunoreactive neurons in the pedal ganglia included the asymmetrical heart excitor neuron of the left pedal ganglion and up to nine ventral somata.

Quantitative Reflection Imaging of Fixed Aplysia californica Pedal Ganglion Neurons on Nanostructured Plasmonic Crystals

2013 ◽  
Vol 117 (42) ◽  
pp. 13069-13081 ◽  
Author(s):  
An-Phong Le ◽  
Somi Kang ◽  
Lucas B. Thompson ◽  
Stanislav S. Rubakhin ◽  
Jonathan V. Sweedler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aplysia Californica ◽  
Pedal Ganglion ◽  
Plasmonic Crystals ◽  
Reflection Imaging ◽  
Ganglion Neurons
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