Phytotoxicity of water-soluble substances from alfalfa and barley soil extracts on four crop species

1989 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Read ◽  
E. H. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Soil Extracts

scholarly journals Soil Type and Wetness Affect Tint of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Pod Shell

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ginzberg ◽  
A. Tubi ◽  
O. Buchshtab ◽  
S. Wininger ◽  
B. Ben-Dor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Shell Color ◽  
Development Zone ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Bright Yellow ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Soil Wetness

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a globally important legume crop that is utilized fresh, roasted, or pressed for oil products. A substantial market exists for in-shell peanuts, and shell color is an important factor affecting price — consumers favor bright yellow. Field observations have indicated that the type of soil in which the peanut pods develop can affect shell color and tint. Field and greenhouse experiments in which plants were grown in sandy soil while pods were allowed to develop in various tested soils verified this primary observation: sandy soils resulted in bright-yellow shells, dark soils (such as peat) resulted in a darker shell color, while loess soils resulted in intermediate shell colors. Incubation of peanut pods in saturated soil solutions or filtered soil extracts inferred the existence of two opposing processes that may affect shell color: adherence of water-soluble soil components to the shell surface, and the washing-off of shell material from this surface. Overhead irrigation with a reduced amount of water or watering with a subsurface drip system concealed at a depth of 25 cm resulted in brighter shell colors than applying the normal amount of water by overhead irrigation. These data suggest that reducing soil wetness in the pod-development zone may increase shell brightness. Field experiments also indicating that final shell color is determined towards the end of pod development, suggesting that soil wetness in the pod-development zone should be controlled during at least the last 4 weeks of growth, to maintain a low level of wetness.

scholarly journals Signaling pathways underlying nitrogen-dependent changes in root system architecture: from model to crop species

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (15) ◽  
pp. 4393-4404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongtao Jia ◽  
Nicolaus von Wirén
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Crop Species

Abstract Among all essential mineral elements, nitrogen (N) is required in the largest amounts and thus is often a limiting factor for plant growth. N is taken up by plant roots in the form of water-soluble nitrate, ammonium, and, depending on abundance, low-molecular weight organic N. In soils, the availability and composition of these N forms can vary over space and time, which exposes roots to various local N signals that regulate root system architecture in combination with systemic signals reflecting the N nutritional status of the shoot. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying N-dependent signaling provides great potential to optimize root system architecture for the sake of higher N uptake efficiency in crop breeding. In this review, we summarize prominent signaling mechanisms and their underlying molecular players that derive from external N forms or the internal N nutritional status and modulate root development including root hair formation and gravitropism. We also compare the current state of knowledge of these pathways between Arabidopsis and graminaceous plant species.

scholarly journals The diverse roles of vitamin E, its occurrence and regulation in different plant tissues

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
Egli Georgiadou ◽  
George Manganaris ◽  
Vasileios Fotopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Regulatory Pathways

Fruits and vegetables contain vitamins, dietary fibre and phytochemicals, which promote human health. Specifically vitamins are major bioactive compounds. In plant raw materials there are water-soluble (vitamins B and C) and lipid-soluble (vitamins A, E and K) ones, having strong antioxidant potential and limiting several diseases, including cancer and cardio-vascular diseases. Furthermore, vitamins play a key role in plant protection against abiotic and biotic stress factors. Vitamin E is a group of eight fat-soluble compounds known as tocochromanols, which are synthesized exclusively by photosynthetic organisms. Tocochromanols are categorised into two groups – tocopherols and tocotrienols. Each group contains four forms identified by prefixes α-, β-, γ- and δ-, yielding a total of eight forms. Vitamin E is an essential, lipid-soluble antioxidant in the human diet, protecting from cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. This review summarizes the recent developments in the understanding the variety of roles of vitamin E as well as its major genetic regulatory pathways in plants. In addition, a comprehensive mapping of vitamin E occurrence is presented in different plant tissues, organelles and horticultural crop species, as well as throughout different stages of fruit development and after postharvest.

Phytotoxicity of canola residues: Release of water-soluble phytotoxins

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Wanniarachchi ◽  
R. P. Voroney
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Total Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Crop Species

Phytotoxicity of root, stem and leaf residues of canola (Brassica napus L.) was studied in a laboratory incubation for 8 wk. Bioassays were conducted with corn (Zea mays L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds to determine the relative toxicity of residue extracts. The release of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and phenolic compounds (PCs) during incubation was studied to assess the role of these compounds in phytotoxicity. Canola residue extracts significantly inhibited (P ≤ 0.01) seedling growth (coleoptile and radicle lengths) of all crop species tested, with leaf and root residues causing the greatest and least toxicity, respectively. Incubation temperature had no impact on the toxicity of extracts. All residue extracts had VFAs prior to and during the incubation, with leaf residues producing relatively high levels of VFAs. The release of VFAs declined drastically during the incubation period. The release of PCs, measured as total phenolic compounds in extracts, was highest in leaf residues and remained higher than those of root or stem residues. Toxicity of residue extracts was not related to the amounts of VFAs and PCs found. However, toxicity appeared to be most related to the presence of total phenolic compounds in residue extracts. Key words: Phytotoxicity, canola residues, volatile fatty acids, phenolic compounds, residue decomposition

scholarly journals Manipulation of Ascorbate Biosynthetic, Recycling, and Regulatory Pathways for Improved Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronan C. Broad ◽  
Julien P. Bonneau ◽  
Roger P. Hellens ◽  
Alexander A.T. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Upstream Open Reading Frame ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Regulatory Pathways

Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, are major limiting factors in global crop productivity and are predicted to be exacerbated by climate change. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common consequence of many abiotic stresses. Ascorbate, also known as vitamin C, is the most abundant water-soluble antioxidant in plant cells and can combat oxidative stress directly as a ROS scavenger, or through the ascorbate–glutathione cycle—a major antioxidant system in plant cells. Engineering crops with enhanced ascorbate concentrations therefore has the potential to promote broad abiotic stress tolerance. Three distinct strategies have been utilized to increase ascorbate concentrations in plants: (i) increased biosynthesis, (ii) enhanced recycling, or (iii) modulating regulatory factors. Here, we review the genetic pathways underlying ascorbate biosynthesis, recycling, and regulation in plants, including a summary of all metabolic engineering strategies utilized to date to increase ascorbate concentrations in model and crop species. We then highlight transgene-free strategies utilizing genome editing tools to increase ascorbate concentrations in crops, such as editing the highly conserved upstream open reading frame that controls translation of the GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase gene.

scholarly journals Phytoremediation Potential of Crop Plants in Countering Nickel Contamination in Carbonation Lime Coming from the Sugar Industry

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna De Bernardi ◽  
Cristiano Casucci ◽  
Daniela Businelli ◽  
Roberto D’Amato ◽  
Gian Maria Beone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nickel Concentration ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Legal Limit ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Bioavailable Fraction ◽  
Outdoor Experiment

The phytoremediation potential of four crop species cultivated on carbonation lime coming from the sugar industry with water-soluble nickel (Ni) exceeding the Italian legal limit of 10 µg L−1 was assessed. Two autumn–winter species (spinach and canola) were tested with and without the addition of bentonite in a greenhouse experiment in order to overcome prolonged unfavourable weather conditions. Two spring-summer species (sunflower and sorghum) were grown in outdoor boxes. Plant species were selected among crops of interest for phytoremediation and their rotation throughout the year enable to maintain a permanent vegetation cover. Nickel concentration in different plant tissues and the concentrations of soluble and bioavailable Ni in lime were measured. In the greenhouse study, soluble Ni decreased below the legal limit in all the tests, and the combined effect of bentonite and plants reduced Ni in lime mainly in the bioavailable fraction. Spinach and sunflower emerged to be more suitable for phytoextraction than canola and sorghum, because of the higher concentration of the metal in the epigeal portions. The results from the outdoor experiment highlighted that sorghum has a good phytostabilisation potential since its ability to accumulate Ni mainly at the root level and to attract a significant amount of bioavailable Ni in the rhizosphere. This study arose from a real scenario of environmental contamination and investigated the potential of different approaches on the bioremediation of a specific industrial waste product.

Is phytotoxicity of Phragmites australis residue influenced by decomposition condition, time and density?

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. N. Uddin ◽  
Randall W. Robinson ◽  
Domenic Caridi ◽  
Md. A. Y. Harun
Keyword(s):  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Wetland Management ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Soluble Phenolics ◽  
Physicochemical Variables ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Over Time

Phragmites australis is an invasive wetland plant and allelopathy appears to contribute to its invasiveness. We studied dynamics of physicochemical characteristics and phytotoxicity through residue decomposition of Phragmites with and without soil under different conditions and density over time. Physicochemical variables (water-soluble phenolics, dissolved organic carbon, specific ultraviolet absorbance, pH, electrical conductivity, osmotic potential and some anions, namely PO43–, Cl–, NO2–, NO3– and SO42–) of extracts were more consistent and showed normal range in aerobic rather than anaerobic conditions. ‘Residue alone’ and ‘residue with soil’ extracts exhibited significant inhibition on germination and growth of Poa labillardierei and Lactuca sativa initially but reduced over time in aerobic conditions whereas the inhibition increased sharply and remained almost stable in anaerobic conditions (P ≤ 0.001). Regression analyses showed that water-soluble phenolics were a significant predictor of the inhibitory effects on germination and growth of tested species compared with other variables in the extracts. Long-term decomposed residues exhibited significant effects on germination and growth of Melaleuca ericifolia (P ≤ 0.01) depending on residue density in soil. The results demonstrated that decomposition condition and soil incorporation coupled with residue density may play a crucial role over time in dynamics of physicochemical variables and associated phytotoxicity. The study contributes to understanding of the ecological consequences of phytotoxins in residue decomposition, partially explaining the invasion process of Phragmites in wetlands and thereby improving wetland management.

A Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resin as an Embedding Material for Electron Microscopy of Membranes

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 328-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Robertson ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Electron Microscope Autoradiography ◽  
Resorcinol Formaldehyde ◽  
Major Disadvantage ◽  
Cell Organization

The extraction of lipids from tissues during fixation and embedding for electron microscopy is widely recognized as a source of possible artifact, especially at the membrane level of cell organization. Lipid extraction is also a major disadvantage in electron microscope autoradiography of radioactive lipids, as in studies of the uptake of radioactive fatty acids by intestinal slices. Retention of lipids by fixation with osmium tetroxide is generally limited to glycolipids, phospholipids and highly unsaturated neutral lipids. Saturated neutral lipids and sterols tend to be easily extracted by organic dehydrating reagents prior to embedding. Retention of the more saturated lipids in embedded tissue might be achieved by developing new cross-linking reagents, by the use of highly water soluble embedding materials or by working at very low temperatures.

Ferritin Labeled Antibody Staining of Thin Sections

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 420-421
Author(s):  
J. D. McLean ◽  
S. J. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Biological Material ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Ultrathin Sections

The successful application of ferritin labeled antibodies (F-A) to ultrathin sections of biological material has been hampered by two main difficulties. Firstly the normally used procedures for the preparation of material for thin sectioning often result in a loss of antigenicity. Secondly the polymers employed for embedding may non-specifically absorb the F-A. Our earlier use of cross-linked polyampholytes as embedding media partially overcame these problems. However the water-soluble monomers used for this method still extract many lipids from the material.

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