Electromagnetic flowmeter with errors not exceeding 0.5% of the full-scale deflection

L. M. Korsunskii; �. M. Madikyan

doi:10.1007/bf00978145

DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A 'MEAN DEVIATION METER'

Canadian Journal of Physics ◽

10.1139/p52-030 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 317-328

Author(s):

L. H. Greenberg ◽

W. W. Happ

Keyword(s):

Counting Rate ◽

Bridge Circuit ◽

Full Scale ◽

Mean Deviation ◽

Relative Deviation ◽

Memory Circuits ◽

The Mean ◽

Full Scale Deflection

An instrument was constructed and calibrated to measure the mean deviation of the counting rate from a series of pulses that are not uniformly spaced. Two resistance–capacitance 'memory' circuits measure the instantaneous and the average counting rates. A rectifier bridge circuit is used to compute the relative deviation. Over a large part of the range the response is linear and reproducible within 5% for full scale deflection. The instrument is used in conjunction with the counting of radioactive radiations; other uses are discussed.

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Colorimetry and High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Atrazine Residues in Soil: Comparison of Methods

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/63.3.506 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 506-510

Author(s):

Thomas M Vickrey ◽

Dori L Karlesky ◽

Gary L Blackmer

Keyword(s):

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

High Performance ◽

Methylene Chloride ◽

Colorimetric Method ◽

Hplc Method ◽

Full Scale ◽

Uv Detector ◽

Reaction Solution ◽

Full Scale Deflection

Abstract The colorimetric method for determining residual atrazine levels in soil is compared with reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The soil samples are extracted with water-acetonitrile (10 + 90) and the filtrate is partitioned with methylene chloride. For the colorimetric analysis the organic phase is filtered through activity V alumina, collected, and evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved first in ethyl ether, and then in water as the ether is removed. The atrazine solution is buffered (citric acid, pH 7.0) and heated with added pyridine. When the reaction is complete, the product is complexed with ethylcyanoacetate, and the solution absorbance is measured at 550 nm. The complex obeys Beer’s law and has a sensitivity of 230 ng for a 1% full scale deflection at 1 AUFS. For the HPLC method, the methylene chloride extract is dried, the chromatographic solvent is quantitatively added (either chloroform or methanol), and the solution is analyzed with a UV detector at 254 nm. Minimum amount detectable for a 1% full scale deflection is 5 ng at 0.01 AUFS. Soil background interferences were investigated for both methods, and buffering the pyridine-triazine reaction solution was the most efficient method for removing the background for colorimetry. The recovery efficiencies for the colorimetric and HPLC methods were 45.5 ± 3.8% and 94.4 ± 3.4%, respectively.

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Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of N-(4-Chlorophenyl-N′-2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea Insecticide After Chemical Derivatization

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/59.4.938 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 938-941

Author(s):

James F Lawrence ◽

Kanth M S Sundaram

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Electron Capture ◽

Methyl Iodide ◽

Chromatographic Analysis ◽

Sodium Hydride ◽

Full Scale ◽

Chemical Derivatization ◽

Liquid Chromatographic Analysis ◽

Liquid Chromatographic ◽

Full Scale Deflection

Abstract The gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of TH 6040 (N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N′-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea) was carried out after the insecticide was converted to its N,N′-dimethyl analog (N-methyl-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N′-methyl-N′-(2, 6-difluorobenzoyl)urea). The methylation was accomplished in DMSO with sodium hydride and methyl iodide. The derivative was thermally stable and chromatographed as a single peak on 3% OV-1 at 235°C. Support for the structure of the product was given by mass spectrometry. The sensitivity of the product to electrolytic conductivity detection was approximately 50 ng for 50% full-scale deflection in the nitrogen mode and 70 ng for the same response in the chloride (reductive) mode. About 0.25 ng was required for 50% full-scale deflection by electron capture (at 1 × 10−9 amp standing current). Foliage samples were analyzed for TH 6040, using the proposed method.

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Simple Automated Spectrophotometric Method for Assay of Trypsin and Chymotrypsin in Duodenal Juice

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/18.12.1514 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 1514-1517 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A Vandermeers ◽

M-C Vandermeers-Piret ◽

J Rathé ◽

J Christophe

Keyword(s):

Spectrophotometric Method ◽

Full Scale ◽

Duodenal Juice ◽

Phenol Red ◽

Acid Base ◽

Full Scale Deflection

Abstract Trypsin and chymotrypsin were automatically assayed by a simple spectrophotometric method, with specific ester derivatives as substrates. Samples containing 0.25 to 2.5 enzyme units in 0.5 ml were analyzed at a rate of 40 to 60 assays per hour, each sample being incubated for 6 min. The acidity developed during esterolysis was measured, with phenol red as the acid—base indicator. The full-scale deflection of the recorder, corresponding to 0.5 absorbance at 420 nm, was obtained with a sample containing 5 U of enzyme per milliliter, incubated in Tris-HCl buffer (25 mmol/liter, pH 8.0), in the presence of phenol red (124 µmol/liter). This variation corresponded to a decrease of 0.4 pH unit.

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Relation of Statistically Significant, Abnormal, and Typical WAIS-R VIQ-PIQ Discrepancies to Full Scale IQs

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027//1015-5759.16.2.107 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 107-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Louis M. Hsu ◽

Judy Hayman ◽

Judith Koch ◽

Debbie Mandell

Keyword(s):

Graphical Method ◽

The United States ◽

Full Scale ◽

True Score ◽

Absolute Value ◽

Normative Population ◽

The Us ◽

The Mean ◽

And Performance ◽

Quadratic Models

Summary: In the United States' normative population for the WAIS-R, differences (Ds) between persons' verbal and performance IQs (VIQs and PIQs) tend to increase with an increase in full scale IQs (FSIQs). This suggests that norm-referenced interpretations of Ds should take FSIQs into account. Two new graphs are presented to facilitate this type of interpretation. One of these graphs estimates the mean of absolute values of D (called typical D) at each FSIQ level of the US normative population. The other graph estimates the absolute value of D that is exceeded only 5% of the time (called abnormal D) at each FSIQ level of this population. A graph for the identification of conventional “statistically significant Ds” (also called “reliable Ds”) is also presented. A reliable D is defined in the context of classical true score theory as an absolute D that is unlikely (p < .05) to be exceeded by a person whose true VIQ and PIQ are equal. As conventionally defined reliable Ds do not depend on the FSIQ. The graphs of typical and abnormal Ds are based on quadratic models of the relation of sizes of Ds to FSIQs. These models are generalizations of models described in Hsu (1996) . The new graphical method of identifying Abnormal Ds is compared to the conventional Payne-Jones method of identifying these Ds. Implications of the three juxtaposed graphs for the interpretation of VIQ-PIQ differences are discussed.

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A Modification of the Payne-Jones Method of Identifying Abnormal Differences in WISC-R Performance and Verbal IQ's

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759.12.1.27 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 27-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Louis M. Hsu

Keyword(s):

Full Scale ◽

True Score ◽

Verbal Iq ◽

Score Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

And Performance

The difference (D) between a person's Verbal IQ (VIQ) and Performance IQ (PIQ) has for some time been considered clinically meaningful ( Kaufman, 1976 , 1979 ; Matarazzo, 1990 , 1991 ; Matarazzo & Herman, 1985 ; Sattler, 1982 ; Wechsler, 1984 ). Particularly useful is information about the degree to which a difference (D) between scores is “abnormal” (i.e., deviant in a standardization group) as opposed to simply “reliable” (i.e., indicative of a true score difference) ( Mittenberg, Thompson, & Schwartz, 1991 ; Silverstein, 1981 ; Payne & Jones, 1957 ). Payne and Jones (1957) proposed a formula to identify “abnormal” differences, which has been used extensively in the literature, and which has generally yielded good approximations to empirically determined “abnormal” differences ( Silverstein, 1985 ; Matarazzo & Herman, 1985 ). However applications of this formula have not taken into account the dependence (demonstrated by Kaufman, 1976 , 1979 , and Matarazzo & Herman, 1985 ) of Ds on Full Scale IQs (FSIQs). This has led to overestimation of “abnormality” of Ds of high FSIQ children, and underestimation of “abnormality” of Ds of low FSIQ children. This article presents a formula for identification of abnormal WISC-R Ds, which overcomes these problems, by explicitly taking into account the dependence of Ds on FSIQs.

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