Sex chromosome replication and sex chromatin inAkodon azarae (Rodentia Cricetidae)

1968 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 343-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. O. Bianchi ◽  
F. N. Dulout ◽  
J. Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Replication ◽  
Sex Chromatin

INTRASPECIES AUTOSOMAL POLYMORPHISM AND CHROMOSOME REPLICATION IN AKODON MOLINAE (RODENTIA: CRICETIDAE)

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. O. Bianchi ◽  
J. Contreras ◽  
F. N. Dulout
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Replication ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Submetacentric Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromatin ◽  
S Period

Cell spreads from bone marrow, spleen, testis and liver of four male and four female Akodon molinae (Rodentia:Cricetidae) were used for chromosome analysis and sex chromatin scoring. Chromosome replication at the beginning and end of the S period were analysed in bone marrow cells.In five animals (three males and two females) the diploid chromosome number was 42; the other three (1 male and 2 females) had a modal number of 43. In the former animals pairs 1,2,19,20 and the Y chromosome were easily identified morphologically. Chromosomes 1 were large and metacentric. In specimens with 43 chromosomes, pairs 2-20-XY were similar to those of animals with 42. Instead of having two number 1 homologues, these animals showed three unpaired chromosomes, one chromosome 1, one subterminal chromosome (1a) homologue of the long arm of the chromosome 1 and one submetacentric chromosome (1b) homologue of the short arm of the chromosome 1 Chromosomes 1a and 1b were considered to have arisen by a Robertsonian mechanism of centric fission of chromosome 1 plus a pericentric inversion.Studies of sex chromosome replication showed that the Y chromosome was the last to start and to end DNA synthesis in male complements. In females one X chromosome was the last to start replication. No late replicating X chromosome at the end of the S period was found. Coincidently, no sex chromatin could be detected in females.Analysis of late replication patterns in chromosomes 1, 1a and 1b, indicates that pericentric inversions can shift the replicating moment of the chromosomal regions involved in the rearrangement.

CLINICAL CONFERENCE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 740-746
Author(s):  
Melvin M. Grumbach
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Vaginal Mucosa ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Cytologic Examination ◽  
Sex Development ◽  
Sex Chromatin

Dr. Grumbach: Barr and associates have demonstrated that in the human the majority of somatic cells of females contain a conspicuous, heterochromatic mass of chromatin in the resting nuclei. Their discovery of a sex-difference in intermitotic nuclei of a number of vertebrate species, including man, has provided a relatively simple method for assessing the sex-chromosome constitution. This chromatin mass is about 1 micron in diameter and often plano-convex in configuration. It is usually located against the inner surface of the nuclear membrane and contains desoxyribonucleic acid. In males, a comparable chromatin mass is rarely found, never in more than a few per cent of the nuclei. There is good evidence that this so-called "sexchromatin" represents the fusion of heterochromatic portions of two X-chromosomes. The sex chromatin can be conveniently determined by examination of specimens of skin obtained by biopsy (Fig. 1). Recently, more practical methods for determining cytologic sex have been described employing smears from readily available tissues, such as the oral and vaginal mucosa (Fig. 2) and the blood. Davidson and Smith have shown that there is a sex difference in the morphology of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Cytologic examination of chromosomal sex has provided an important tool for the investigation of anomalies of sex development. Apart from its ancillary role in diagnosis, cytologic examination of sex chromatin has made a significant contribution to our understanding of the disordered development in these afflictions. However, the results of this determination should not be regarded as an especial indication of the psychosexual orientation of patients with such abnormalities, nor, in the case of infants, of the sex to which they should be assigned.

Codling moth cytogenetics: karyotype, chromosomal location of rDNA, and molecular differentiation of sex chromosomes

Genome ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1083-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iva Fuková ◽  
Petr Nguyen ◽  
František Marec
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Dna Probe ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Genomic Hybridization ◽  
Molecular Differentiation ◽  
Sex Chromatin

We performed a detailed karyotype analysis in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), the key pest of pome fruit in the temperate regions of the world. The codling moth karyotype consisted of 2n = 56 chromosomes of a holokinetic type. The chromosomes were classified into 5 groups according to their sizes: extra large (3 pairs), large (3 pairs), medium (15 pairs), small (5 pairs), and dot-like (2 pairs). In pachytene nuclei of both sexes, a curious NOR (nucleolar organizer region) bivalent was observed. It carried 2 nucleoli, each associated with one end of the bivalent. FISH with an 18S ribosomal DNA probe confirmed the presence of 2 clusters of rRNA genes at the opposite ends of the bivalent. In accordance with this finding, 2 homologous NOR chromosomes were identified in mitotic metaphase, each showing hybridization signals at both ends. In highly polyploid somatic nuclei, females showed a large heterochromatin body, the so-called sex chromatin or W chromatin. The heterochromatin body was absent in male nuclei, indicating a WZ/ZZ (female/male) sex chromosome system. In keeping with the sex chromatin status, pachytene oocytes showed a sex chromosome bivalent (WZ) that was easily discernible by its heterochromatic W thread. To study molecular differentiation of the sex chromosomes, we employed genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). GISH detected the W chromosome by strong binding of the Cy3-labelled, female-derived DNA probe. With CGH, both the Cy3-labelled female-derived probe and Fluor-X labelled male-derived probe evenly bound to the W chromosome. This suggested that the W chromosome is predominantly composed of repetitive DNA sequences occurring scattered in other chromosomes but accumulated in the W chromosome. The demonstrated ways of W chromosome identification will facilitate the development of genetic sexing strains desirable for pest control using the sterile insect technique.Key words: CGH, codling moth, FISH, GISH, genomic hybridization, heterochromatin, holokinetic chromosomes, karyotype, NOR, rDNA, SIT, sex chromosomes.

Karyotype, sex chromatin and sex chromosome differentiation in the carob moth,Ectomyelois ceratoniae(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Caryologia ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jouda Mediouni ◽  
Iva Fuková ◽  
Radmila Frydrychová ◽  
Mohamed Habib Dhouibi ◽  
František Marec
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Ectomyelois Ceratoniae ◽  
Chromosome Differentiation ◽  
Sex Chromatin ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Carob Moth

Timing of Sex Chromosome Replication in Somatic and Germ-Line Cells of the Mouse and the Rat

1967 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Tiepolo ◽  
M. Fraccaro ◽  
Maj Hultén ◽  
J. Lindsten ◽  
Anna Mannini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Chromosome Replication

Sex Chromatin Anomaly in Chinese Females: Psychiatric Characteristics of XXX

1974 ◽  
Vol 124 (580) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming T. Tsuang
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Population Surveys ◽  
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities ◽  
Sex Chromatin ◽  
Psychiatric Population

The development of techniques for studying sex chromatin from oral mucosa (Moore and Barr, 1955; Marberger at al., 1955), and chromosomes from peripheral blood (Moorhead et al., 1960), has made it possible to undertake population surveys to identify individuals with abnormal sex chromosomes. The present knowledge of psychiatric effects of the sex chromosome abnormalities has been derived mainly from comparing their frequency in the psychiatric population with that in the general population.

Chromosome Findings in Chronic Psychotic Patients

1968 ◽  
Vol 114 (514) ◽  
pp. 1167-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Anders ◽  
G. Jagiello ◽  
P. E. Polani ◽  
F. Giannelli ◽  
J. L. Hamerton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Testicular Atrophy ◽  
Dementia Praecox ◽  
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities ◽  
Sex Chromatin ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

The observation of a higher incidence of sex-chromosome abnormalities amongst patients in mental deficiency and subnormality institutions than in the general population (Maclean et al., 1962; Court Brown et al., 1964) suggested that a sex chromatin survey of a theoretically related chronic psychotic population might be of interest. Mott (1919) observed a high frequency of testicular atrophy in dementia praecox, particularly in patients dying in early adolescence, and Forster (quoted by Mott, 1919) reported on the ovarian findings in similarly affected women. Hemphill et al. (1944) found a high incidence of testicular atrophy in a series of ninety male schizophrenic patients.

TRIPLE MOSAICISM OF THE SEX CHROMOSOMES IN A PHENOTYPICAL FEMALE

1964 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Bijlsma ◽  
J. James ◽  
W. Drukker
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Primary Amenorrhoea ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Vaginal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Sex Chromatin ◽  
Sexual Characteristics

ABSTRACT A patient is described showing a female phenotype, but with under-development of secondary sexual characteristics and primary amenorrhoea. Chromosome analysis in skin and blood cultures revealed the presence of nuclei with 44 autosomes and an XO, XX or XXX sex chromosome complement; metaphases with an XX and XXX constitution were, however, very scanty. The sex chromatin pattern gave strong support to the assumption that there was a triple mosaicism of the XO/XX/XXX type, as nuclei with one and nuclei with two Barr bodies were found – with a high proportion of negative nuclei – in buccal and vaginal epithelial cells and cultured fibroblasts. Some problems of a quantitative nature in this respect are discussed.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN INTERPHASE NUCLEI OF THE LION, FELIS LEO

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-445
Author(s):  
Keith L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromatin ◽  
Inner Surface

A sex difference is present in the structure of interphase nuclei of somatic cells in a variety of tissues of the lion. In the female, but not in the male, there is a special mass of chromatin, the sex chromatin, which stands out from the general particulate chromatin. In neurons the sex chromatin is usually located adjacent to the nucleolus, but in other cell types it nearly always lies against the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. The sex chromatin has the cytochemical properties of desoxypentose nucleic acid and is probably derived from heterochromatic regions of one of the X-chromosomes of the female's sex chromosome complex. A mass similar to the sex chromatin of females is rarely encountered in nuclei of males. The sexual dimorphism present in interphase nuclei of the lion is similar to that described previously in other carnivores and in primates.

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