Secondary-phase behavior in silicon single crystals on annealing in an electric field

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1271-1275
Author(s):  
A. M. Orlov ◽  
D. K. Belashchenko ◽  
V. I. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Secondary Phase

Electron microscopy investigations on the mineral lorándite (TlAsS2) from Allchar in Macedonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Necke ◽  
Maximilian Trapp ◽  
Stefan Lauterbach ◽  
Georg Amthauer ◽  
Hans-Joachim Kleebe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Secondary Phase ◽  
Lattice Energy ◽  
Local Deformation ◽  
Crystal Defects ◽  
Coffee Bean ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Chemical Difference ◽  
Natural Mineral

Abstract In this paper, we report on electron microscopy studies of single crystals of the natural mineral lorándite, TlAsS2. The main focus of this investigation was to address the question as to whether those lorándite crystals are chemically and structurally homogeneous, in order to be utilized as an effective neutrino detector within the lorándite experiment (LOREX) project. Apart from few secondary minerals, being present only at the surface of the lorándite samples, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated homogeneous crystals. Similarly, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging revealed a homogenous and undisturbed crystal structure, with the only exception of local coffee-bean contrasts; however, rarely observed. These specific contrast variations are known to be a typical strain indicator caused by a local deformation of the crystal lattice. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in conjunction with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) did not show any significant chemical difference when analysing regions on or off those coffee-bean features, indicating a chemically homogenous mineral. Since the presence of lattice disturbing secondary phase precipitates could be excluded by imaging and complementary chemical analysis, crystal defects such as dislocations and stacking faults or minor fluid inclusions are discussed as the probable origin of this local elastic strain. The experimental results confirm that the studied lorándite single crystals fulfil all structural and chemical requirements to be employed as the natural mineral that allows to determine solar neutrino fluxes. In addition, critical issues regarding the rather challenging sample preparation of lorándite are reported and a quantification of the maximum tolerable electron dose in the TEM is presented, since lorándite was found to be sensitive with respect to electron beam irradiation. Furthermore, the limits of EDS measurements due to peak overlapping are shown and discussed utilizing the case of Pb in lorándite. In this regard, a comparison with the Tl- and Pb-containing natural mineral hutchinsonite, TlPbAs5S9, is also included.

Photodiodes based on MAPbBr3/Bi3+ doped MAPbCl3 single crystals heterojunction for X-ray detection

CrystEngComm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzhu Pan ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Jingda Zhao ◽  
Yubing Xu ◽  
Yuwei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
External Electric Field ◽  
High Performance ◽  
X Ray

Perovskites single crystals (PSCs) could be used to made high performance photoelectric detectors due to its superior optoelectronic characteristics. Generally, external electric field need to be applied in the PSCs-based...

Crystal Field Analysis of the Magnetization Curves of HoFe11Ti under High Pressure

2013 ◽  
Vol 818 ◽  
pp. 72-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Su
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Magnetization Curves ◽  
Crystalline Electric Field ◽  
Crystalline Anisotropy ◽  
Magneto Crystalline Anisotropy

The crystalline electric field parameters Anmfor HoFe11Ti under different pressures were evaluated by fitting calculations to the magnetization curves measured on the single crystals at several temperatures. It was found that magneto-crystalline anisotropy has been changed by high pressure and the Anmfor HoFe11Ti under high pressures are strikingly different from Anmfor the corresponding HoFe11Ti H with interstitial hydrogen atom.

Introduction of Fine Engineered Domain Configuration into Potassium Niobate Single Crystals

2007 ◽  
Vol 350 ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Keisuke Yokoh ◽  
Tomomitsu Muraishi ◽  
Song Min Nam ◽  
Hirofumi Kakemoto ◽  
Takaaki Tsurumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Single Domain ◽  
Potassium Niobate ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Domain State ◽  
Domain Configuration ◽  
Dc Electric Field ◽  
Direction Of Polarization

To induce fine engineered domain configurations into potassium niobate (KNbO3) single crystals, two kinds of methods were performed, i.e., (1) high DC electric field exposure along the opposite direction of polarization of KNbO3 single-domain crystals at room temperature, and (2) introduction of randomly oriented fine domain configuration by heat treatment at 700 °C and then high DC electric field exposure along [001]c direction of KNbO3 multidomain crystals at room temperature. When the method (1) was performed, finally, the poled KNbO3 crystals became to single-domain state again through the formation of multidomain state. On the other hand, the KNbO3 multidomain crystals were obtained by using the method (2), and an enhancement of piezoelectric-related properties was observed.

Measurement of independent piezoelectric moduli of Ca3NbGa3Si2O14, La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 and La3Ga5SiO14 single crystals

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1174-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Irzhak ◽  
D. Roshchupkin
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
External Electric Field ◽  
Piezoelectric Effect ◽  
Structural Type ◽  
X Ray

Results of measurements of independent piezoelectric moduli d 11 and d 14 in Ca3NbGa3Si2O14, La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 and La3Ga5SiO14, promising single crystals of the calcium gallogermanate structural type, are presented. The moduli were measured with a triple-axis X-ray diffractometer under an external electric field which causes changes in the interplanar distances due to the reverse piezoelectric effect. The results of the X-ray diffractometry measurements agree fairly well (within less than 10%) with the results obtained by different methods.

Investigations of PMN-PT Single Crystal Performance

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia G. DeGiorgi ◽  
E. P. Gorzkowski ◽  
M.-J. Pan ◽  
M. A. Qidwai ◽  
Stephanie A. Wimmer
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Domain Switching ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Nonlinear Behavior ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Poling Direction

Application of new materials, such as PMN-PT single crystals, requires a good understanding of basic material performance under both electrical and mechanical loading. Over the past 5 years the authors have used both computational and experimental techniques to examine the relationships between poling direction, crystal orientation, and electric field actuation. Experiments show mixed results indicating that the relationship between material orientation and loading is more complex than originally imagined. In some cases crack initiation and propagation perpendicular to the applied field was observed within a few thousand cycles but in other cases no failure was observed even after a few hundred thousand cycles despite crack growth in the presence of introduced defects. Computational effort quickly identified a gap between development of theoretical constitutive models that addressed domain switching based nonlinear behavior and what was available in workable form as part of commercial finite element codes. This led to the implementation of a macro-mechanical constitutive model which addresses domain switching, into a commercially available finite element code. The rate independent version has been used to investigate issues of electric field actuation and poling direction. Presented here are insights into the fracture and fatigue behavior of piezoelectric single crystals from both experimental and computational studies.

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