The effect of cortisone and glutaminic acid on the excitation of the nervous system in rats

1959 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 1127-1131
Author(s):  
V. N. Goncharova
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glutaminic Acid

The Storage of Protein, Fat, Glycogen and Uric Acid in the Fat Body and other Tissues of Mosquito Larvae

1942 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. B. WIGGLESWORTH
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Utilization Of Protein ◽  
Glutaminic Acid ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Progressive Accumulation ◽  
Fourth Stage Larva

In the newly moulted fourth stage larva of Aedes aegypti the cells of the fat body contain fat droplets and numerous watery vacuoles. Protein is present only in the form of cytoplasmic strands between these inclusions. Some of the watery vacuoles contain glycogen; in, others there is uric acid in solution. Glycogen is present also in the ganglia and connectives of the central nervous system and in great masses in the sarcoplasm enveloping the muscles and between the muscle fibrils. During starvation, fat, glycogen and protein are used up concurrently. In 10-15 days (at 28° C.) all the stainable fat has disappeared and glycogen is absent or present in minute traces in the sarcoplasm only. Nuclei and cytoplasm in all tissues are much wasted. The utilization of protein is marked by a progressive accumulation of uric acid in the aqueous vacuoles of the fat body. In some of these uric acid may crystallize out during life. This accumulation of uric acid can be largely prevented by feeding on casein or on starch. When starved larvae are fed on starch there is a massive deposition of glycogen in the epithelium of the posterior half of the midgut. A little is deposited in the cells of the gastric caeca and occasionally in the cells of the Malpighian tubes. Subsequently glycogen collects in the cells, of the fat body until these are enormously distended with it and around the muscles until the sarcoplasm is practically solid with glycogen. Some appears also in the central nervous system. Rather small fat droplets collect round the nuclei of the fat body and in the oenocytes. After feeding on sugars, glycogen and fat have the same distribution as above. Different sugars vary in their efficiency as precursors of glycogen; from some (raffinose, sorbose, rhamnose, arabinose) no glycogen seems to be formed. After-feeding on olive oil, droplets of fat are limited to the cells of the anterior half of the midgut and to some cells in the gastric caeca. Occasionally droplets appear in the cells of the Malpighian tubes. Much fat collects in the oenocytes and in the fat body, but no glycogen is laid down. After feeding on casein there is a rapid increase in protein in the cytoplasm of all the tissues and the nuclei enlarge. Minute droplets of fat appear in the fat body, chiefly around the nuclei, and later pass outwards and enlarge. Fat accumulates also in the oenocytes. Glycogen is, deposited in large amounts in the cytoplasm and in indefinite vacuoles chiefly at the periphery of the fat body cells. It is laid down in great quantity in the sarcoplasm of the muscles, to a less extent in the central nervous system and later in the epidermis, Malpighian tubes and gut wall. Minute droplets rich in protein appear on the nuclear membrane of the fat body cells; they have the appearance of being discharged from the nuclei; gradually they enlarge and pass outward among the fat droplets. These protein droplets blacken with osmic acid but they do not stain with fat stains. They are basophil when first formed, becoming acidophil as they enlarge. After feeding on alanine or glutaminic acid glycogen is laid down, as after carbohydrates, in the caecal cells, the pyloric half of the midgut, the central nervous system, sarcoplasm and fat body. Small amounts of fat become visible in the fat body.

Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Neuron-glia relationship during the early postembryonic development of the nervous system in some oligochaetes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
Wiktor Djaczenko ◽  
Carmen Calenda Cimmino
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tubifex Tubifex ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

The simplicity of the developing nervous system of oligochaetes makes of it an excellent model for the study of the relationships between glia and neurons. In the present communication we describe the relationships between glia and neurons in the early periods of post-embryonic development in some species of oligochaetes.Tubifex tubifex (Mull. ) and Octolasium complanatum (Dugès) specimens starting from 0. 3 mm of body length were collected from laboratory cultures divided into three groups each group fixed separately by one of the following methods: (a) 4% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein fixation followed by osmium tetroxide, (b) TAPO technique, (c) ruthenium red method.Our observations concern the early period of the postembryonic development of the nervous system in oligochaetes. During this period neurons occupy fixed positions in the body the only observable change being the increase in volume of their perikaryons. Perikaryons of glial cells were located at some distance from neurons. Long cytoplasmic processes of glial cells tended to approach the neurons. The superimposed contours of glial cell processes designed from electron micrographs, taken at the same magnification, typical for five successive growth stages of the nervous system of Octolasium complanatum are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron is designed symbolically to facilitate the understanding of the kinetics of the growth process.

Emigration of neutrophils in the central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Interendothelial Junctions

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.

Mammalian Bone Marrow Acetylcholinesterase

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Ezzatollah Keyhani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mammalian Bone

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.

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