Reconstruction of total annual rainfall in Andalusia (Southern Spain) during the 16th and 17th centuries from documentary sources

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 207-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Rodrigo ◽  
M. J. Esteban Parra ◽  
Y. Castro Diez
Keyword(s):  
Southern Spain ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Total Annual Rainfall

scholarly journals Recovering Climate Data from Documentary Sources: A Study on the Climate in the South of Spain from 1792 to 1808

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando S. Rodrigo
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
The South ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Data Source

This work analyses new climate data on Southern Spain during the period 1792–1808. The data source is the periodical Correo Mercantil de España y sus Indias (Mercantile Mail of Spain and the Spanish Indies), which published weekly summaries of the weather conditions in Spain over this period. The study focuses on the southern provinces, providing 2788 new records, some of them corresponding to areas with no previously recorded data (Córdoba, Jaén). The analysis indicates the predominance of cold and dry winters, cold and wet springs, warm and dry summers, and variable autumn conditions, cold and humid in the western provinces while warm and dry in the eastern provinces. Some examples of these situations are discussed.

scholarly journals Climatic information of Western Sahel (1535–1793 AD) in original documentary sources

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 3877-3900 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Millán ◽  
F. S. Rodrigo
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ordinal Scale ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Western Sahel ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Droughts And Floods ◽  
Original Documentary

Abstract. The Sahel is the semi-arid transition zone between arid Sahara and humid tropical Africa, extending approximately 10–20° N from Mauritania in the West to Sudan in the East. The African continent, one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change, is subject to frequent droughts and famine. One climate challenge research is to isolate those aspects of climate variability that are natural from those that are related to human influences. Therefore, the study of climatic conditions before mid-19th century, when anthropogenic influence was of minor importance, is very interesting. In this work the frequency of extreme events, such as droughts and floods, in Western Sahel from the 16th to 18th centuries is investigated using documentary data. Original manuscripts with historical chronicles from Walata and Nema (Mauritania), Timbuktu and Arawan (Mali), and Agadez (Niger) have been analyzed. Information on droughts, intense rainfall, storms and floods, as well as socioeconomic aspects (famines, pests, scarcity, prosperity) has been codified in an ordinal scale ranging from −2 (drought and famines) to +2 (floods) to obtain a numerical index of the annual rainfall in the region. Results show wet conditions in the 17th century, as well as dry conditions in the 18th century (interrupted by a short wet period in the 1730s decade).

scholarly journals Ground data confirm warming and drying are at a critical level for forest survival in western equatorial Africa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma R Bush ◽  
Kathryn Jeffery ◽  
Nils Bunnefeld ◽  
Caroline Tutin ◽  
Ruth Musgrave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Evergreen Forests ◽  
Total Annual Rainfall ◽  
Equatorial Africa

Background.The humid tropical forests of Central Africa influence weather worldwide and play a major role in the global carbon cycle. However they are also an ecological anomaly, with evergreen forests dominating the western equatorial region despite less than 2000mm total annual rainfall. Meteorological data for Central Africa are notoriously sparse and incomplete and there are substantial issues with satellite-derived data because of inability to ground-truth estimates and persistent cloudiness. Long-term climate observations are urgently needed to verify regional climate and vegetation models, shed light on the mechanisms that drive climatic variability and assess the viability of evergreen forests in equatorial Africa under future climate scenarios. Methods. We have the rare opportunity to analyse a 34-year dataset of rainfall and temperature (and shorter periods of absolute humidity, wind speed, solar radiation and aerosol optical depth) from Lopé National Park, a long-term ecological research site in western equatorial Africa. We used linear mixed models and spectral analyses to assess seasonal and inter-annual variation, long-term trends and oceanic influences on local weather patterns. Results. Lopé’s weather is characterised by a light-deficient, cool, long dry season. Long-term climatic means have changed significantly over the last three decades, with warming occurring at a rate of 0.23°C per decade (minimum daily temperature) and drying at a rate of 50mm per decade (total annual rainfall). Inter-annual variability is highly influenced by sea surface temperatures of the major oceans. In El Niño years Lopé experiences both higher temperatures and less rainfall with increased contrast between wet and dry seasons. Lopé rainfall observations lend support for the role of the Atlantic cold tongue in “dry” models of climate change in the region. Conclusions. Dry season cloud in western equatorial Africa plays a key role in reducing evaporative demand during seasonal drought and maintaining evergreen tropical forests despite relatively low annual rainfall. In the context of a rapidly warming and drying climate, urgent research is needed into the sensitivity of clouds to ocean temperatures and the viability of humid forests in this dry region should the clouds disappear.

scholarly journals Climatic variables and altitude as predictors of anuran species richness and number of reproductive modes in Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago da Silveira Vasconcelos ◽  
Tiago Gomes dos Santos ◽  
Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad ◽  
Denise de Cerqueira Rossa-Feres
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Anuran Species ◽  
Hand Temperature ◽  
Reproductive Modes ◽  
Total Annual Rainfall ◽  
Partial Redundancy Analysis ◽  
Partial Redundancy

Abstract:Because anuran species are highly dependent on environmental variables, we hypothesized that anuran species richness and the number of reproductive modes from different Brazilian localities vary according to climatic and altitudinal variables. Published data were compiled from 36 Brazilian localities and climatic and altitudinal data were extracted from an available database. A partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) showed that 23.5% of the data set's variation was explained by climatic and altitudinal data, while the remaining 76.5% remained unexplained. This analysis suggests that other factors not analysed herein may also be important for predicting anuran species richness and the number of reproductive modes in Brazil. Altitude and total annual rainfall were positively correlated with anuran species richness and the number of reproductive modes, and total annual rainfall was strongly associated with these two biotic variables in the triplot of pRDA. The positive association of total annual rainfall and the negative association of the concentration of annual rainfall were already expected based on physiological and reproductive requirements of anurans. On the other hand, temperature was not associated with richness or the number of reproductive modes.

scholarly journals Sustainable Economy and Development of the Rural Territory: Proposal of Wine Tourism Itineraries in La Axarquía of Malaga (Spain)

Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Gorka Zamarreño-Aramendia ◽  
Elena Cruz-Ruiz ◽  
Elena Ruiz-Romero de la Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Wine Tourism ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Sustainable Economy ◽  
Ancient Times

The certification of Malaga and Ronda wine route, within the model of certified wine routes in Spain, has given a new boost to wine tourism in Malaga. The study focuses on La Axarquía, located on the Eastern Costa del Sol in Southern Spain, which has been a reference point in the wine business since ancient times and has its own identity. This research aims at elaborating a diagnosis of the territory related to the possibilities offered by the area, from the perspective of the heritage resources and services provided by the winemakers outlining two efficient enotourism itineraries that enhance the value of the territory’s resources. The methodology used starts with the study of the territory in order to profile the existing resources, a task that was complemented by the analysis of the documentary sources required in order to understand the peculiarities of the territory. From there, a process of interviews was carried out between April and November 2019 with 100% of the winemakers and around 70% of the territory’s agents. The results of the research are specified in a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis, which has allowed evaluating the possibilities of the enotourist development in La Axarquía, which is complemented with a proposal of two possible itineraries that will promote such development of the rural territory. The conclusions convey the possibilities of the territory of a tourist segment which puts its resources to good use and moves forward the deseasonalization and destructuring of tourism in Malaga, especially on the Eastern Costa del Sol, according to criteria of efficiency and profitability with wine as a reference, although it could be applied to other gastronomic and cultural resources linked to the tourist sector in other geographical areas.

scholarly journals Variability and Trend Analysis of Rainfall Data of Shillong and Agartala Stations of North East India

2020 ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
Mirbana Lusick K. Sangma ◽  
Hamtoiti Reang ◽  
G. T. Patle ◽  
P. P. Dabral
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Time Series ◽  
North East ◽  
South West ◽  
Total Annual Rainfall ◽  
Sw Monsoon

This paper discusses the variability in rainfall and trend analysis of annual and seasonal rainfall time series of Shillong and Agartala stations located in the north-east region of India. Commonly used non-parametric statistical methods namely Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator was used to analyse the seasonal and annual rainfall time series. Statistical analysis showed less variation in annual and south-west monsoon rainfall for both Shillong and Agartala stations. In the total annual rainfall, the share of south-west (SW) monsoon, north-east (NE) monsoon, winter season and summer season rainfall was observed 64.60%, 13.22%, 1.40% and 20.80%, respectively for Shillong station of Meghalaya state. However, the contribution of SW monsoon, NE monsoon, winter season and summer season rainfall in the total annual rainfall was 59.59%, 9.55%, 1.14% and 29.72%, respectively for Agartala station of Tripura state. Non-significant increasing trends of rainfall was observed by 4.54 mm/year, 2.80 mm/year and 2.54 mm/year for annual, SW monsoon, and summer season, whereas, non-significant decreasing trends in rainfall for NE monsoon and winter season was observed with a magnitude of 1.83 mm/year and 1.63 mm/year for Shillong, Meghalaya during 1992 to 2017. Results also revealed that rainfall increased by 1.07 mm/year and 0.18 mm/year in SW monsoon and winter season whereas, rainfall decreased by 7.64 mm/year, 2.58 mm/year and 1.29 mm/year during annual, NE monsoon and summer season non-significantly during 1995 to 2019 in case of Agartala. The findings of present study will be useful for water management and crop planning in hill agriculture of Meghalaya and Tripura state of India.

scholarly journals The climate of Granada (southern Spain) during the first third of the 18th century (1706–1730) according to documentary sources

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando S. Rodrigo
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Cold Wave ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Instrumental Observations ◽  
The City ◽  
Climatic Information

Abstract. The climatic information recorded by the physician Francisco Fernández Navarrete in Granada (southern Spain) during the first third of the 18th century is analysed in this work. Observations are included in the book Cielo y suelo granadino (Sky and soil in Granada), and consist of qualitative comments relating climatic conditions to illness and diseases since 1706, as well as instrumental observations (using an English barometer and a Florentine thermometer) from December 1728 to February 1730. To the best of our knowledge, these are the earliest instrumental observations recorded in Spain. The analysis shows that seasonal mean values of temperature and precipitation during the period 1706–1730 were very similar to those of periods of similar length at the beginning of the 20th century, as 1906–1930. However, some years were especially extreme, such as the dry first half of the 1720s decade, or the winter 1728–1729, when a strong cold wave affected the city.

scholarly journals INFLUÊNCIA DO ENOS NAS CHUVAS ANUAIS DA REGIÃO AMAZÔNICA DO MATO GROSSO

Nativa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Adilson Pacheco Souza ◽  
Carla Aparecida Ascoli ◽  
Eduardo Morgan Uliana ◽  
Frederico Terra de Almeida ◽  
Bruno Henrique Casavecchia
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Total Annual Rainfall ◽  
River Region

A quantidade e as distribuições espaciais e temporais das chuvas determinam o tipo de vegetação natural, potencialidades de exploração agropecuária e disponibilidade de recursos hídricos. Todavia, as chuvas estão diretamente relacionadas com a circulação geral da atmosfera (CGA) e com as mudanças nos seus comportamentos. Em escala global, a maior influência é decorrente do modo de variabilidade climático denominado de El Niño-Oscilação Sul (ENOS) e suas diferentes fases/intensidades (El Niño – EN; La Niña - LN), que determinam as anomalias de chuva em diversas regiões. Diante da grande aptidão agropecuária do estado de Mato Grosso (MT), objetivou-se avaliar as influências do EN e LN para as bacias hidrográficas dos Rios Juruena, Teles Pires e Xingu, situados na região Amazônica. As regiões das nascentes (Alto) das três bacias apresentam similaridade nos totais anuais de chuva. As diferentes intensidades de EN e LN influenciaram de forma significativa nos índices de chuva anual na bacia do Rio Teles Pires. EN-Forte provoca reduções nos totais anuais de chuvas nas regiões baixas (foz) das três bacias hidrográficas. LN-Forte aumentou as chuvas anuais independentemente da região do rio Teles Pires. LN-moderado reduz os totais anuais de chuva independentemente da bacia hidrográfica.Palavra-chave: bacias hidrográficas, variabilidade climática, distribuição espacial. ENOS INFLUENCE IN THE ANNUAL RAINS OF THE REGION AMAZON OF MATO GROSSO STATE ABSTRACT:The amount and spatial and temporal distributions of rainfall determine the type of natural vegetation, agricultural exploration potential and availability of water resources. However, the rainfall are directly dependents to the general circulation of the atmosphere and changes in your behavior. On a global scale, the major influences are the result of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and its different phases/intensities (El Niño - EN; La Niña - LN), which determine the precipitation anomalies in several regions. Given the large agricultural faculty of Mato Grosso State, Brazil, aimed to evaluate the influence of EN and LN phenomena for the watershed of the rivers Juruena, Teles Pires and Xingu, located in the Amazon region. The regions of the sources of river (High) of the three watershed have similarity in total annual rainfall. The different intensities of EN and LN cause greater influence in the rates of annual rainfall in the Teles Pires Watershed. EN-Intensive causes reductions in total annual rainfall in the lowlands (mouth rivers) of the three watersheds. LN-Intensive provides increase in annual rainfall regardless of the Teles Pires River region. LN-moderate reduces the total annual rainfall regardless of the watershed.Keywords: watersheds, climatic variability, spatial distribution. DOI:

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