Temperature and pressure equilibrium distribution in a steady-state discharge with radiation

1974 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-603
Author(s):  
S. G. Alikhanov ◽  
I. K. Konkashbaev
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Equilibrium Distribution ◽  
Pressure Equilibrium ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

The effect of weak Brownian rotations on particles in shear flow

1971 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Leal ◽  
E. J. Hinch
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Shear Flow ◽  
Equilibrium Distribution ◽  
Steady State Probability ◽  
Bulk Properties ◽  
Closed Orbits ◽  
Basic Equations

Axisymmetric particles in zero Reynolds number shear flow execute closed orbits. In this paper we consider the role of small Brownian couples in establishing a steady-state probability distribution for a particle being on any particular orbit. After presenting the basic equations, we derive an expression for the equilibrium distribution. This result is then used to calculate some bulk properties for a suspension of such particles, and these predicted properties are compared with available experimental observation.

Use of tributyltin to probe contribution of Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange to regulation of steady-state pHi in human neutrophils

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (5) ◽  
pp. C906-C915 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Simchowitz ◽  
J. A. Textor ◽  
S. K. Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Equilibrium Distribution ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Intracellular Acidification ◽  
Extracellular Acidification ◽  
Parallel Pathway ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
Recovery From Acidification ◽  
Free Acid Form

Organotin derivatives represent a class of artificial ionophores that mediate Cl(-)-OH- exchange and thereby facilitate the chemical equilibrium distribution of Cl- and H+ across biological membranes. Imposing different pH and Cl- gradients by varying extracellular pH (pHo) and extracellular [Cl-] in the presence of 1 microM tributyltin validated the above assumptions in human neutrophils. Under relatively alkaline conditions [intracellular pH (pHi) greater than or equal to 7.10 and pHo greater than or equal to 7.40], the cell's natural Cl(-)HCO3- exchanger mimicked the actions of the tributyltin compound and was the principal factor controlling steady-state pHi. However, with increasing extracellular acidification, there was a progressive deviation from the predicted equilibrium distribution in the case of the normal Cl(-)-HCO3- transport system, whereas tributyltin-treated cells followed theoretical expectations. Exposure of neutrophils to a number of inhibitors of Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange led to a fall in pHi, apparently confirming the impression that a net HCO3- influx through Cl(-)-HCO3- countertransport was chiefly responsible for maintaining steady-state pHi. However, this intracellular acidification could be satisfactorily ascribed to proton movements through a parallel pathway, namely nonionic diffusion of the free acid form of the drugs. These results imply that Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange is the dominant pH regulatory device only under relatively alkaline conditions and that other mechanisms in addition to Na(+)-H+ exchange are likely to play an important role in recovery from acidification and in maintaining steady-state pHi. The possibility that the lactate carrier may function in this capacity is discussed.

scholarly journals Calculation of Two-Phase Dispersed Droplet-In-Vapor Flows Including Normal Shock Waves

1978 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Comfort ◽  
T. W. Alger ◽  
W. H. Giedt ◽  
C. T. Crowe
Keyword(s):  
Shock Waves ◽  
Normal Shock ◽  
Vapor Flow ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Pressure Profiles ◽  
Pressure Equilibrium ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Measured Pressure

A method for calculating quasi-one-dimensional, steady-state, two-phase dispersed droplet-in-vapor flow has been developed. The technique is applicable to both subsonic and supersonic single component flow in which normal shock waves may occur, and is the basis for a two-dimensional model. The flow is assumed to be inviscid except for droplet drag. Temperature and pressure equilibrium between phases is assumed, although this is not a requirement of the technique. Example calculations of flow in one-dimensional nozzles with and without normal shocks are given and compared with experimentally measured pressure profiles for both low quality and high quality two-phase steam-water flow.

scholarly journals Discussion on “Experimental Deformation of Opalinus Clay at Elevated Temperature and Pressure Conditions: Mechanical Properties and the Influence of Rock Fabric” of Schuster, V., Rybacki, E., Bonnelye, A., Herrmann, J., Schleicher, A.M., Dresen, G.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Crisci ◽  
Alessio Ferrari ◽  
Lyesse Laloui
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Opalinus Clay ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Pressure Equilibrium ◽  
Experimental Deformation ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Undrained Conditions ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Drained And Undrained Conditions

AbstractThe testing procedure and results on saturated samples of Opalinus Clay in the work of Schuster et al. (Rock Mech Rock Eng https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02474-3, 2021) were conducted and presented using strain rates two to four orders of magnitudes higher than the rates needed to allow pore pressure equilibrium in the material, both in drained and undrained conditions. This leads to an erroneous estimation of the mechanical properties in saturated conditions. We discuss this aspect in the context of shale testing. We also discuss the effect of drying-induced fissuring on the mechanical properties of geomaterials tested in dry conditions.

scholarly journals A Linearized Numerical Solution for Steady-State Simulations of Gas Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-153
Author(s):  
I. Zalitis ◽  
A. Dolgicers ◽  
L. Zemite ◽  
S. Ganter ◽  
V. Kopustinskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Compressibility Factor ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Gas Market

Abstract Considering the changes of gas transmission system (hereinafter – GTS) brought about by diversification of gas suppliers, new interconnections with European GTS and implementation of an open electricity market and then an open gas market, a steady-state GTS modelling tool has been developed for future implementation in the risk and resilience analysis and potentially operational planning for different GTS or other purposes. The developed method combines the linearized hydraulic conductivity approach with a technique, derived from a linear electrical circuit analysis and an additional pressure change term for modelling of active non-pipeline elements of GTS. This method also takes into consideration operational limits of compressors and pressure regulators and changes in compressibility factor and gas viscosity based on the gas composition, temperature and pressure. The paper includes part of the results obtained from a validation case study performed for the presented method.

scholarly journals Modelling Surtseyan Ejecta

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Emma Greenbank
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Steady State Solution ◽  
Pressure Increase ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

<p>Surtseyan ejecta are formed in shallow sub-aqueous volcanic eruptions. They occur when water, containing a slurry of previously erupted material, is washed into the volcanic vent. This slurry is incorporated into the magma and ejected from the volcano inside a ball of magma. These magma bombs containing entrained material are called, Surtseyan ejecta or Surtseyan bombs.  At the time of entrainment there is a large temperature difference between the magma (at approximately 1000°C) and the slurry (at approximately 20°C). As the inclusion temperature increases, the water contained in the slurry evaporates, causing an increase in the pressure at the boundary of the entrainment. This pressure increase is offset by the vapour diffusing through the pores of the magma. If the pressure exceeds the tensile strength of the surrounding magma the Surtseyan ejecta will rupture.  The volcanological question of interest is whether the magma ruptures. There is evidence of intact ejecta so it can be concluded that rupture does not always occur. We have developed a set of equations that transiently model the changes in temperature and pressure in Surtseyan ejecta. Numerical solutions show that the pressure rapidly increases to a stable value. Because the pressure reaches equilibrium a steady-state solution can be used to determine the maximum pressure and a criterion for rupture.</p>

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